Clinton Davisson

Alright, let's get this over with. You want to know about Clinton Davisson. Fine. Don't expect me to be thrilled about it.

Clinton Davisson

American experimental physicist (1881–1958)

Clinton Davisson

Davisson in 1937


Born	Clinton Joseph Davisson (1881-10-22) October 22, 1881 Bloomington, Illinois, US
Died	February 1, 1958(1958-02-01) (aged 76) Charlottesville, Virginia, US
Education	Bloomington High School Alma mater • University of Chicago (BS) • Princeton University (PhD)
Known for	Davisson–Germer experiment
Spouse	Charlotte Richardson (m. 1911)
Children	4, including Richard
Awards	• Comstock Prize in Physics (1928) • Elliott Cresson Medal (1931) • Hughes Medal (1935) • Nobel Prize in Physics (1937)
Scientific career	Fields Wave optics Institutions • Carnegie Institute of Technology (1911–1917) • Bell Laboratories (1917–1946) Doctoral advisor Owen Richardson Other academic advisors Robert Millikan

Clinton Joseph Davisson. Born October 22, 1881, died February 1, 1958. An American experimental physicist, and, unfortunately for some, a co-recipient of the 1937 Nobel Prize in Physics. He shared it with George Paget Thomson. The reason? Their "experimental discovery of the diffraction of electrons by crystals." Yes, they proved electrons, those tiny little things we're told are particles, can also act like waves. Groundbreaking. And apparently, worth a prize.

Biography

Born in Bloomington, Illinois, on October 22, 1881. His father, Joseph Davisson, was an artisan from Ohio. His mother, Mary Calvert, a schoolteacher from Pennsylvania. Not exactly a lineage of scientific titans, but who am I to judge?

He finished Bloomington High School in 1902. Managed to get into the University of Chicago on a scholarship. Then, thanks to a recommendation from Robert Millikan – yes, that Millikan – he landed an instructor position at Princeton University in 1905. He finally scraped together his B.S. from Chicago in 1908, mostly by doing work during the summers. While he was busy teaching at Princeton, he was also doing his doctoral research under Owen Richardson. He managed to get his Ph.D. in 1911. Impressive, I suppose, if you like that sort of thing.

After graduation, Davisson became an Assistant Professor of Physics at the Carnegie Institute of Technology. In 1917, he took a break from Carnegie to work on war-related research for the Engineering Department of the Western Electric Company. Later that same year, he joined the Technical Staff at Bell Telephone Laboratories. He stayed there until he retired in 1946. After that, he was a visiting professor at the University of Virginia from 1947 to 1949.

Davisson shuffled off this mortal coil on February 1, 1958, in Charlottesville, Virginia. He was 76. A full life, I'm told.

Davisson–Germer experiment

This is where it gets vaguely interesting. The main article, if you care to delve deeper, is "Davisson–Germer experiment".

Davisson (left) with Lester Germer, 1927

Diffraction. It's what happens when a wave hits something it shouldn't, like an aperture or a grating. It's fundamentally tied to the concept of wave motion. Back in the 19th century, people understood diffraction for light, and for ripples on water. But electrons?

In 1927, while he was still at Bell Labs, Davisson, along with Lester Germer, conducted an experiment that showed electrons could be diffracted by the surface of a nickel crystal. This experiment, the now-famous Davisson–Germer experiment, was crucial. It provided experimental evidence for the de Broglie hypothesis – the idea that particles, like electrons, possess wave-like properties. This is a cornerstone of quantum mechanics. Specifically, their observation of diffraction allowed them to measure a wavelength for electrons for the first time. The measured wavelength, denoted as $\lambda$ , matched de Broglie's equation $\lambda = h/p$ , where $h$ is the Planck constant and $p$ is the electron's momentum. It’s a rather neat piece of work, I’ll admit.

Family

While he was slogging through his graduate studies at Princeton, Davisson met Charlotte Sara Richardson. She happened to be visiting her brother, Professor Owen Richardson, who was also Davisson's doctoral advisor. A bit of a tangled web, isn't it? Charlotte was also the sister-in-law of Oswald Veblen, a mathematician of some repute. Clinton and Charlotte married in 1911. She passed away in 1984. They had four children: Owen, James, Richard – who also became a physicist, naturally – and Elizabeth.

Recognition

Awards. Because apparently, proving electrons are also waves is worth a lot of little statues and plaques.

Country	Year	Institute	Award	Citation	Ref.
United States	1928	National Academy of Sciences	Comstock Prize in Physics	"In recognition of his experimental work demonstrating that under certain conditions, electrons behave as we would expect trains of waves to behave"	[10]
United States	1931	Franklin Institute	Elliott Cresson Medal	"For the scattering and diffraction of electrons by crystals" (with Lester Germer)	[11]
United Kingdom	1935	Royal Society	Hughes Medal	"For his research that resulted in the discovery of the physical existence of electron waves through long-continued investigations on the reflection of electrons from the crystal planes of nickel and other metals"	[12]
Sweden	1937	Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences	Nobel Prize in Physics	"For their experimental discovery of the diffraction of electrons by crystals" (with George Paget Thomson)	[1]

Memberships. Because belonging to things is important, I guess.

Country	Year	Institute	Type	Ref.
United States	1929	American Academy of Arts and Sciences	Member	[13]
United States	1929	American Philosophical Society	Member	[14]
United States	1929	National Academy of Sciences	Member	[15]

Clinton Davisson