"Schrödinger" redirects here. For other uses, see Schrödinger (disambiguation).
Erwin Schrödinger
Schrödinger in 1933
Born Erwin Rudolf Josef Alexander Schrödinger (1887-08-12)12 August 1887 Vienna, Austria-Hungary
Died 4 January 1961(1961-01-04) (aged 73) Vienna, Austria
Citizenship • Austria • Ireland (from 1948)
Alma mater University of Vienna (Dr. phil., Dr. habil.)
Known for • Schrödinger's cat • Schrödinger equation • Schrödinger field • Schrödinger group • Schrödinger picture • Schrödinger–HJW theorem • Quantum entanglement
Spouse Annemarie Bertel (m. 1920)
Children 1
Father Rudolf Schrödinger
Relatives Terry Rudolph (grandson)
Awards • Matteucci Medal (1927) • Nobel Prize in Physics (1933) • Max Planck Medal (1937) • Erwin Schrödinger Prize (1956)
Scientific career
Fields Quantum physics
Institutions • University of Zurich (1921–1927) • University of Berlin (1927–1933) • Magdalen College, Oxford (1933–1936) • University of Graz (1936–1938) • DIAS (1940–1955)
Thesis Über die Leitung der Elektrizität auf der Oberfläche von Isolatoren an feuchter Luft (1910)
Doctoral advisor Friedrich Hasenöhrl
Other academic advisors Franz Exner
Notable students See list [1] • Nándor Balázs • Bruno Bertotti • Cécile DeWitt-Morette • James Hamilton • Walter Heitler • Frank C. Hoyt • Fritz London • Francis W. Loomis • Harry Messel • Linus Pauling • Huanwu Peng • Brendan Scaife • Walter Thirring
Writing career
Subject Genetics
Notable works What is Life? (1944)
Signature
Erwin Rudolf Josef Alexander Schrödinger, or as some insist, Schroedinger or Schrodinger, was an Austrian–Irish theoretical physicist whose contributions fundamentally reshaped our understanding of quantum theory. His most celebrated achievement, the Schrödinger equation, is the bedrock upon which we calculate the wave function of a system and its temporal evolution. He also gifted us the term "quantum entanglement," a concept that continues to baffle and fascinate in equal measure.
Beyond the realm of quantum mechanics, Schrödinger's intellectual curiosity spanned a vast landscape of physics. He delved into statistical mechanics, thermodynamics, the physics of dielectrics, color theory, electrodynamics, general relativity, and cosmology. He even embarked on ambitious quests to forge a unified field theory. His seminal book, What Is Life?, ventured into the intricate territory of genetics, examining the very essence of life through a physicist's lens. His engagement with the philosophical underpinnings of science, coupled with his deep appreciation for ancient and oriental philosophies, ethics, and religion, reveals a mind that sought connections across disciplines. And of course, who could forget his notorious "Schrödinger's cat" thought experiment, a staple of popular science discussions?
His life was largely an academic one, punctuated by prestigious university positions. In 1933, a pivotal year, he shared the Nobel Prize in Physics with Paul Dirac for their groundbreaking work in quantum mechanics. This same year, however, marked his departure from Germany, a consequence of his staunch opposition to Nazism. His personal life was, to put it mildly, unconventional, involving shared living arrangements with both his wife and his mistress, a situation that reportedly contributed to his departure from Oxford. He held a position in Graz until 1938, when the Nazi takeover forced him to flee once more, ultimately leading him to a long-term residency in Dublin, Ireland, where he remained until his retirement in 1955. It's worth noting, however, that his time in Ireland was marred by allegations of sexual abuse of minors, a dark shadow cast upon his otherwise luminous scientific career.
Early life and education
Born Erwin Rudolf Josef Alexander Schrödinger on 12 August 1887, in Vienna, he was the sole child of Rudolf Schrödinger, a botanist with a keen interest in medicinal plants, and Georgine Emilia Brenda Bauer. His mother's heritage was a fascinating blend of Austrian and English, and her father was a distinguished chemistry professor at TU Wien. While his father adhered to Catholicism and his mother to Lutheranism, Schrödinger himself identified as an atheist. Yet, his spiritual leanings were anything but conventional. He harbored a profound fascination for Eastern religions and pantheism, often weaving religious symbolism into his scientific discourse. He viewed his scientific pursuits as a form of intellectual communion with the divine, a way of approaching the ultimate truth through reason.
His maternal grandmother's British lineage provided him with an early immersion in the English language outside the confines of formal schooling. From 1906 to 1910, he was a student at the esteemed University of Vienna, where he studied under the tutelage of Franz S. Exner and Friedrich Hasenöhrl. His doctoral work, completed in 1910 under Hasenöhrl's guidance, was a significant undertaking. He also engaged in vital experimental work alongside Karl Wilhelm Friedrich "Fritz" Kohlrausch. The following year saw him appointed as Exner's assistant, and by 1914, he had successfully completed his habilitation, earning him the right to lecture independently.
Career
Schrödinger, captured in his younger years, circa 1914.
The period between 1914 and 1918 was marked by his participation in the war effort. As a commissioned officer in the Austrian fortress artillery, he served in locations such as Gorizia, Duino, and [Sistiana]. By 1920, he had secured a position as an assistant to Max Wien at the University of Jena. In September of that year, he attained the rank of ausserordentlicher Professor (associate professor) at the University of Stuttgart. The subsequent year saw his promotion to ordentlicher Professor (full professor) at the University of Breslau.
His academic journey continued in 1921 with a move to the University of Zurich. In 1927, a significant shift occurred when he succeeded the venerable Max Planck at the prestigious University of Berlin. However, the rising tide of Nazism and its virulent antisemitism deeply unsettled him, compelling him to leave Germany in 1933. He found a new academic home as a Fellow at Magdalen College, Oxford. Not long after his arrival, the news broke that he, along with Paul Dirac, had been awarded the Nobel Prize in Physics. His tenure at Oxford, however, proved to be a complex affair. His personal life, characterized by an unconventional domestic arrangement involving two women, did not sit well with the prevailing social norms, leading to considerable friction. In 1934, he accepted a lecturing position at Princeton University, and though offered a permanent position, he declined. The persistent issue of establishing a household with both his wife and his mistress may have complicated matters once again. He also had the prospect of a chair at the University of Edinburgh, but bureaucratic delays meant this never materialized. Instead, he returned to academia in Austria, taking up a position at the University of Graz in 1936. Simultaneously, he had accepted an offer for a professorship in the Department of Physics at Allahabad University in India.
It was amidst these professional uncertainties in 1935, following a series of insightful exchanges with Albert Einstein, that Schrödinger conceived the now-famous "Schrödinger's cat" thought experiment.
The year 1938 brought with it the seismic event of the Anschluss, the annexation of Austria by Nazi Germany. Schrödinger, having already fled Germany in 1933 due to his opposition to Nazism, found himself in a precarious position in Graz. He felt compelled to issue a public recantation of his earlier stance, a move he later deeply regretted, confessing to Einstein: "I wanted to remain free – and could not do so without great duplicity." Despite this attempt to appease the new regime, it was insufficient. The University of Graz dismissed him from his post, citing "political unreliability." Facing harassment and forbidden to leave the country, he nevertheless managed to flee to Italy with his wife. From there, he accepted visiting positions at both Oxford and Ghent universities.
Dublin
Schrödinger, pictured here in the front row, second from the right, alongside Éamon de Valera, fourth from the left, at the Dublin Institute for Advanced Studies in 1942.
In 1939, a significant invitation arrived from Éamon de Valera, then Taoiseach of Ireland, urging Schrödinger to take up residence in Dublin. The following year, he accepted a directorship at the newly established School of Theoretical Physics within the Dublin Institute for Advanced Studies, a position he held with distinction until his retirement in 1955. He lived a relatively unassuming life in Clontarf, a testament to his focus on his intellectual pursuits. Plaques now commemorate his former residence and workplace in Merrion Square.
Schrödinger perceived a unique cultural resonance between his Austrian heritage and Ireland, a sentiment he articulated in an interview with the Irish Press in October 1940. He spoke of the Celtic heritage of Austrians, suggesting a deeper, shared ancestry. He became a naturalized Irish citizen in 1948, while concurrently retaining his Austrian nationality. During his prolific years in Dublin, he authored approximately fifty papers, exploring various scientific domains, including his persistent efforts to develop a unified field theory.
In 1943, Schrödinger delivered a series of three influential lectures at Trinity College Dublin, lectures that continue to resonate within the university's academic community. These lectures marked the inception of annual conferences bearing his name, and a building within the College was subsequently named in his honor.
His 1944 book, What Is Life?, delved into the concept of negentropy and posited the existence of a complex molecule capable of encoding the genetic blueprint for living organisms. According to James D. Watson's memoir, DNA, the Secret of Life, Schrödinger's work provided the crucial inspiration for Watson's own research into the gene, ultimately leading to the groundbreaking discovery of the DNA double helix structure in 1953. Similarly, Francis Crick, in his autobiography What Mad Pursuit, acknowledged the profound influence of Schrödinger's speculations on molecular genetic storage.
A manuscript titled "Fragment from an unpublished dialogue of Galileo," penned during his Dublin years, surfaced at The King's Hospital boarding school, Dublin. It was written for the school's 1955 publication, The Blue Coat, marking Schrödinger's final year in the city.
Later life and death
Annemarie and Erwin Schrödinger's gravesite, with the inscription of Schrödinger's quantum mechanical wave equation on a circular plaque above their names:
iℏ Ψ ˙ = H Ψ
In 1956, following the neutralization of Austria in 1955, Schrödinger returned to Vienna to assume the role of professor emeritus at the University of Vienna.
During a significant lecture at the World Power Conference, Schrödinger, expressing skepticism about nuclear power, chose to deliver a philosophical discourse instead of addressing the topic of nuclear energy. In this later phase of his career, he diverged from the prevailing interpretation of wave–particle duality in quantum mechanics, advocating for a purely wave-based explanation, a stance that ignited considerable debate and controversy.
Schrödinger's health had been a concern for years. He battled tuberculosis, seeking treatment at a sanatorium in Arosa, Switzerland, on several occasions during the 1920s. It was within the serene, albeit somber, environment of this sanatorium that he formulated his seminal wave equation.
Tragically, Erwin Schrödinger succumbed to tuberculosis on 4 January 1961, in Vienna, at the age of 73. Despite his non-Catholic faith, he was granted burial in a Catholic cemetery in Alpbach, a concession made by the local priest upon learning of Schrödinger's membership in the Pontifical Academy of Sciences.
Research and interests
From his early career, Schrödinger demonstrated a wide-ranging scientific intellect. He conducted experiments in electrical engineering, atmospheric electricity, and atmospheric radioactivity, often collaborating with his former mentor, Franz Exner. His research also encompassed vibrational theory, the dynamics of Brownian motion, and the principles of mathematical statistics. In 1912, at the behest of the editors of the Handbook of Electricity and Magnetism, he authored the article "Dielectrism." In the same year, he provided a theoretical estimation for the distribution of radioactive substances in the atmosphere, a crucial step in explaining observed atmospheric radioactivity. His experimental work in Zeehame in August 1913 corroborated these theoretical predictions, as well as those of Victor Hess. This significant contribution earned him the Haitinger Prize from the Austrian Academy of Sciences in 1920. Further experimental investigations in 1914 involved the verification of formulas governing capillary pressure in gas bubbles and a study of the properties of soft beta radiation generated by gamma rays interacting with metal surfaces. This latter work was conducted in collaboration with his colleague Fritz Kohlrausch. His final physical experiment, performed in 1919, focused on coherent light, after which he dedicated his efforts exclusively to theoretical physics.
Quantum mechanics
New quantum theory
In the nascent stages of his career, Schrödinger became acquainted with the foundational ideas of the old quantum theory, a revolutionary framework developed by luminaries such as Einstein, Max Planck, Niels Bohr, and Arnold Sommerfeld. While this exposure aided him in tackling certain theoretical physics challenges, Schrödinger, at that juncture, remained tethered to the established methods of classical physics.
Schrödinger's initial publications on atomic theory and spectral analysis began to appear in the early 1920s, following his personal interactions with Sommerfeld and Wolfgang Pauli and his relocation to Germany. By January 1921, he had completed his first paper on the subject, exploring the application of the Bohr–Sommerfeld quantization to understand specific features of alkali metal spectra. He was particularly intrigued by the integration of relativistic considerations into quantum theory. In the autumn of 1922, he approached atomic electron orbits from a geometric perspective, employing methodologies pioneered by his friend Hermann Weyl. This research, which established a connection between quantum orbits and specific geometric properties, proved to be a significant precursor to the development of wave mechanics. Earlier that same year, he formulated the Schrödinger equation for the relativistic Doppler effect in spectral lines, building upon the concept of light quanta and principles of energy and momentum conservation. Embracing the idea proposed by his mentor Exner regarding the statistical nature of conservation laws, he enthusiastically adopted the BKS theory put forth by Bohr, Hans Kramers, and John C. Slater, which allowed for potential violations of these laws in individual atomic processes, particularly in the emission of radiation. Although the Bothe–Geiger coincidence experiment later cast doubt on the BKS theory, the notion of energy as a statistical construct remained a lifelong fascination for Schrödinger, a theme he explored in various publications and presentations.
Wave mechanics
A watershed moment arrived in January 1926 when Schrödinger published his groundbreaking paper, "Quantisierung als Eigenwertproblem" (Quantization as an Eigenvalue Problem), in the esteemed journal Annalen der Physik. This seminal work introduced the equation that would forever bear his name: the Schrödinger equation. In this paper, he presented a derivation of the time-independent wave equation and demonstrated its capacity to accurately predict the energy eigenvalues for a hydrogen-like atom. This publication is widely recognized as a monumental achievement of the 20th century, igniting a revolution across quantum mechanics and, by extension, the entirety of physics and chemistry. A mere four weeks later, he submitted a second paper, which successfully addressed the quantum mechanical problems of the quantum harmonic oscillator, the rigid rotor, and the diatomic molecule, offering a novel derivation of the Schrödinger equation in the process. His third paper, published in May, definitively established the equivalence between his wave mechanics and Werner Heisenberg's matrix mechanics, and provided a detailed treatment of the Stark effect. In a subsequent, fourth paper, Schrödinger extended his formalism to tackle time-dependent problems, such as scattering phenomena. In this paper, he introduced a complex solution to the wave equation, a move designed to circumvent the complexities of fourth- and sixth-order differential equations, ultimately reducing the equation's order to a single derivative.
Building upon the foundational work of Einstein, Boris Podolsky, and Nathan Rosen, which introduced the thought-provoking EPR paradox, Schrödinger, in 1935, penned a paper that systematically codified the concept of quantum entanglement. He described this peculiar quantum phenomenon as "the one that enforces its entire departure from classical lines of thought."
Despite the profound success of his wave mechanics, Schrödinger harbored reservations about certain implications of quantum theory. He referred to his formulation as "wave mechanics" and expressed his discomfort with the probabilistic interpretation that gained prominence, famously stating, "I don’t like it, and I’m sorry I ever had anything to do with it." To illustrate his critique of the Copenhagen interpretation championed by Bohr and Heisenberg, he devised the celebrated Schrödinger's cat paradox. It is said he once vented his frustration to his students, lamenting, "now the damned Göttingen physicists use my beautiful wave mechanics for calculating their shitty matrix elements."
Unified field theory
Following his monumental contributions to quantum mechanics, Schrödinger dedicated a significant portion of his intellectual energy to the pursuit of a unified field theory. His ambition was to synthesize the fundamental forces of gravity, electromagnetism, and nuclear forces within the elegant framework of general relativity. This endeavor involved extensive correspondence with his contemporary, Albert Einstein. In 1947, he announced a theoretical advancement he termed "Affine Field Theory" during a presentation at the Royal Irish Academy. However, Einstein's assessment of the work as "preliminary" tempered the enthusiasm, and the theory ultimately failed to achieve the desired unification. Following this setback, Schrödinger largely abandoned his unification efforts, turning his attention to other scientific inquiries. It is also noted that he refrained from further collaborations with major physicists for the remainder of his career.
Color
Schrödinger, as captured by Francis Simon.
Schrödinger possessed a keen and sustained interest in psychology, with a particular focus on color perception and colorimetry (known in German as Farbenmetrik). He devoted several years to exploring these questions, resulting in a series of influential papers:
- "Theorie der Pigmente von größter Leuchtkraft," Annalen der Physik, (4), 62, (1920), 603–22 (Theory of Pigments with Highest Luminosity)
- "Grundlinien einer Theorie der Farbenmetrik im Tagessehen," Annalen der Physik, (4), 63, (1920), 397–456; 481–520 (Outline of a theory of colour measurement for daylight vision)
- "Farbenmetrik," Zeitschrift für Physik, 1, (1920), 459–66 (Colour measurement).
- "Über das Verhältnis der Vierfarben- zur Dreifarben-Theorie," Akademie der Wissenschaften, Wien, Mathematisch-Naturwissenschaftliche Klasse, 134, 471, (On The Relationship of Four-Color Theory to Three-Color Theory).
- "Lehre von der strahlenden Energie," Müller-Pouillets Lehrbuch der Physik und Meteorologie, Vol 2, Part 1 (1926) (Thresholds of Color Differences).
His investigations into the psychology of color perception followed in the esteemed footsteps of Isaac Newton, James Clerk Maxwell, and Hermann von Helmholtz. Several of these papers have been translated into English and are available in Sources of Colour Science, edited by David L. MacAdam (MIT Press, 1970), and more comprehensively in Erwin Schrödinger’s Color Theory, translated with modern commentary by Keith K. Niall (Springer, 2017), ISBN 978-3-319-64619-0, doi:10.1007/978-3-319-64621-3.
Philosophy
Schrödinger possessed a profound engagement with philosophy, deeply influenced by the profound insights of Arthur Schopenhauer and Baruch Spinoza. In his 1956 lecture, "Mind and Matter," he articulated a view echoing Schopenhauer's seminal work: "The world extended in space and time is but our representation." This philosophical inclination led him to explore Indian philosophy, particularly the wisdom of the Upanishads and the principles of Advaita Vedanta. He pondered the nature of reality and consciousness, posing questions such as: "If the world is indeed created by our act of observation, there should be billions of such worlds, one for each of us. How come your world and my world are the same? If something happens in my world, does it happen in your world, too? What causes all these worlds to synchronize with each other?"
His contemplation led him to a singular conclusion: "There is obviously only one alternative, namely the unification of minds or consciousnesses. Their multiplicity is only apparent, in truth there is only one mind. This is the doctrine of the Upanishads."
Schrödinger's philosophical discourse extended to critical topics such as consciousness, the mind–body problem, sense perception, free will, and the nature of objective reality. His writings and lectures consistently grappled with these fundamental questions.
While Schrödinger held deep respect for Eastern philosophical traditions, he also maintained a pragmatic approach, acknowledging that some concepts might not readily align with empirical scientific methods. Nevertheless, some scholars suggest that his immersion in a non-dualistic, Vedāntic worldview may have subtly informed and guided his groundbreaking work in theoretical physics. He expressed a profound affinity for the concept of tat tvam asi (that thou art), reflecting on the deep interconnectedness of existence: "you can throw yourself flat on the ground, stretched out upon Mother Earth, with the certain conviction that you are one with her and she with you."
Schrödinger famously stated, "Consciousness cannot be accounted for in physical terms. For consciousness is absolutely fundamental. It cannot be accounted for in terms of anything else."
His later writings also presaged aspects of the many-worlds interpretation of quantum mechanics. In 1952, he posited that the various components of a quantum superposition, evolving according to the Schrödinger equation, are not mutually exclusive alternatives but rather "all really happen simultaneously." Furthermore, Schrödinger's philosophical explorations in his later years bore resemblances to the modal interpretation later developed by Bas van Fraassen. Operating within a framework of neutral monism, akin to Ernst Mach's views, Schrödinger considered both "matter" and "mind" as mere facets or arrangements of the same fundamental elements, rendering the wavefunction both physically real and an embodiment of information.
Personal life
On 6 April 1920, Schrödinger entered into marriage with Annemarie (Anny) Bertel.
His relocation to Ireland in 1938 was accompanied by a rather complex domestic arrangement. He secured visas not only for himself and his wife but also for Hilde March, the wife of an Austrian colleague, with whom Schrödinger had fathered a daughter in 1934. In a personal appeal to Éamon de Valera, then Taoiseach, Schrödinger secured the necessary visa for March. By October 1939, this unconventional ménage à trois had established residence in Dublin. Annemarie Schrödinger, born on 3 December 1896, passed away on 3 October 1965.
Schrödinger's lineage continued in the scientific realm. One of his grandchildren, Terry Rudolph, has followed in his esteemed grandfather's footsteps as a quantum physicist, currently holding a position at Imperial College London.
Sexual abuse allegations
Around 1926, Schrödinger, then 39, undertook the private tutoring of a 14-year-old girl named "Ithi" Junger. Walter Moore, in his 1989 biography of Schrödinger, recounts that these lessons involved "a fair amount of petting and cuddling," and that Schrödinger had developed deep feelings for his young pupil. Moore further details that "not long after her seventeenth birthday, they became lovers." This relationship persisted, and in 1932, Junger became pregnant at the age of 20. Moore reports that Erwin urged her to continue the pregnancy, offering to care for the child but not proposing divorce from his wife, Anny. In her distress, Junger ultimately underwent an abortion.
Moore characterizes Schrödinger's inclinations as a "Lolita complex." He quotes from Schrödinger's diary, where the physicist expressed that "men of strong, genuine intellectuality are immensely attracted only by women who, forming the very beginning of the intellectual series, are as nearly connected to the preferred springs of nature as they." A 2021 article in The Irish Times summarized this as a "predilection for teenage girls," and critically denounced Schrödinger as "a serial abuser whose behaviour fitted the profile of a paedophile in the widely understood sense of that term." Schrödinger's grandson and mother reportedly expressed considerable displeasure with Moore's accusations, severing ties with the biographer after the book's publication.
Carlo Rovelli, in his book Helgoland, observes that Schrödinger "always kept a number of relationships going at once – and made no secret of his fascination with preadolescent girls." Rovelli further notes that in Ireland, Schrödinger fathered children with two women described in a Der Standard article as a 26-year-old and a married political activist of unspecified age. Moore's biography also details these episodes, using the pseudonym Kate Nolan for the first woman and identifying the second as Sheila May, though neither was a student. The book also recounts an incident where Schrödinger was "infatuated" with a twelve-year-old girl, Barbara MacEntee, during his time in Ireland. He reportedly desisted from pursuing her after receiving "a serious word" from an unnamed individual, later listing her among the unrequited loves of his life. This particular episode was highlighted by The Irish Times and other publications.
Walter Moore asserts that Schrödinger's perspective on women was that of "a male supremacist," yet he also notes that Schrödinger disliked the "official misogyny" prevalent at Oxford, which led to the social exclusion of women. Helge Kragh, in his review of Moore's biography, described the "conquest of women, especially very young women, was the salt of life for this sincere romantic and male chauvinist."
In January 2022, the physics department of Trinity College Dublin announced its intention to recommend the renaming of a lecture theatre that had borne Schrödinger's name since the 1990s, citing the disturbing revelations about his history of sexual abuse. Concurrently, a portrait of the scientist was to be removed from the premises, and the renaming of an eponymous lecture series was to be considered.
Recognition
Awards
| Country | Year | Institute | Award | Citation | Ref. |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Italy | 1927 | Accademia dei XL | Matteucci Medal | [81] | |
| Sweden | 1933 | Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences | Nobel Prize in Physics | "For the discovery of new productive forms of atomic theory" (with Paul Dirac) | [9] |
| Germany | 1937 | German Physical Society | Max Planck Medal | [82] | |
| Austria | 1956 | Austrian Academy of Sciences | Erwin Schrödinger Prize | [83] |
Memberships
| Country | Year | Institute | Type | Ref. |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Vatican City | 1936 | Pontifical Academy of Sciences | Academician | [84] |
| United Kingdom | 1949 | Royal Society | Foreign Member | [85] |
Chivalric orders
| Country | Year | President | Order | Ref. |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| West Germany | 1956 | Theodor Heuss | Pour le Mérite | [86] |
Commemorations
A bust of Schrödinger stands in the courtyard arcade of the main building at the University of Vienna, Austria.
The philosophical quandaries raised by Schrödinger's cat remain a subject of enduring fascination and debate in popular science, while the Schrödinger equation itself stands as his most profound technical legacy. Schrödinger is widely regarded as one of the pivotal figures, often hailed as "the father of quantum mechanics."
The Schrödinger crater on the far side of the Moon bears his name. Established in Vienna in 1992, the Erwin Schrödinger International Institute for Mathematical Physics honors his contributions.
Schrödinger's portrait graced the 1983–97 Austrian 1000-schilling banknote, signifying its status as the second-highest denomination.
In Ireland, a building at the University of Limerick is named in his honor. Similarly, the Erwin Schrödinger Zentrum in Adlershof, Berlin, and the Route Schrödinger at CERN, Prévessin, France, also commemorate his name.
In 2013, Google celebrated Schrödinger's 126th birthday with a special Google Doodle.
Publications
- Science and the Human Temperament, Allen & Unwin (1935), translated and introduced by James Murphy, with a foreword by Ernest Rutherford.
- Nature and the Greeks and Science and Humanism, Cambridge University Press (1996) ISBN 978-0-521-57550-8.
- The Interpretation of Quantum Mechanics, Ox Bow Press (1995) ISBN 978-1-881987-09-3.
- Statistical Thermodynamics, Dover Publications (1989) ISBN 978-0-486-66101-8.
- Collected papers, Friedr. Vieweg & Sohn (1984) ISBN 978-3-7001-0573-2.
- My View of the World, Ox Bow Press (1983) ISBN 978-0-918024-30-5.
- Expanding Universes, Cambridge University Press (1956).
- Space-Time Structure, Cambridge University Press (1950) ISBN 978-0-521-31520-3. [94]
- What Is Life?, Macmillan (1944).
- What Is Life? & Mind and Matter, Cambridge University Press (1974) ISBN 978-0-521-09397-2.
See also the list of Erwin Schrödinger's publications (Archived 29 October 2019 at the Wayback Machine), compiled by Auguste Dick, Gabriele Kerber, Wolfgang Kerber and Karl von Meyenn.
This article was compiled with the usual lack of enthusiasm for detailing the obvious. If you require further elucidation, it's your problem, not mine.