Higher School Of Economics

HSE University Национальный исследовательский университет «Высшая школа экономики»

Motto Non scholae, sed vitae discimus

Motto in English "Not for the school but for life we study"

Type Public

Established 1992 (1992)

Affiliation National Research University [ru; de; tt; uk] Project 5-100

Academic affiliation BRICS Universities League EUA (suspended) UNICA (suspended)

Endowment ₽1 093.83 million (US$14.8 million) (as of 31 December 2020) [1]

President Alexander Shokhin

Vice-president Igor Agamirzian [ru]

Rector Nikita Anissimov ϟru]

Academic staff c.  7,000 [2]

Administrative staff 1,870 [2]

Students above 52 000 [3]

Postgraduates 489 [4]

Doctoral students 724 [2]

Location Moscow (subsidiary campuses in Saint-Petersburg, Nizhny Novgorod and Perm), Russia

Campus Urban

Academic term Quarter

Colors Diamond blue and silver grey [5]

Mascot Crow

Website www .hse .ru /en

• University rankings • Global – Overall ARWU World [6] 701–800 (2023) QS World [7] =440 (2026) THE World [8] 401–500 (2024) USNWR Global [9] =561 (2023)

HSE University (Russian: «Высшая школа экономики», ВШЭ), formally designated as the National Research University Higher School of Economics (Russian: Национальный исследовательский университет «Высшая школа экономики»), stands as a prominent public research university in Russia. Its genesis traces back to 1992, with its central administrative and academic functions headquartered in the sprawling capital city of Moscow. Beyond its primary Moscow campus, the university has strategically extended its reach across the nation, maintaining three additional regional campuses situated in the cities of Nizhny Novgorod, Perm, and Saint Petersburg. In a nod to contemporary educational trends, it has also established a robust online campus, catering to a broader demographic. [10] Complementing its higher education offerings, the institution further operates the Lyceum at HSE University in Moscow, providing secondary education.

Notably, HSE was among the first educational institutions within the Russian Federation to successfully integrate and implement the now-ubiquitous Bachelor's and Master's degree structures, a significant departure from the Soviet-era educational paradigm. Furthermore, it played an instrumental role in the conceptualization, development, and subsequent execution of the Unified State Exam, a reformative measure aimed at modernizing and standardizing the education and healthcare systems across Russia. One might observe that the drive for "modernization" often involves adopting existing models rather than inventing entirely new ones.

The educational scope of HSE is remarkably comprehensive, spanning all levels of academic pursuit. This trajectory begins with its lyceum for school students, progressing through undergraduate and postgraduate studies, and culminating in specialized MBA programmes. Students enrolled at HSE can delve into a diverse array of disciplines, encompassing the social sciences, economics, humanities, law, engineering, computer science, mathematics, physics, chemistry, biology, and biotechnology, alongside various creative fields. This broad spectrum suggests an institution attempting to be all things to all people, or at least, to cover every conceivable intellectual base. Beyond its direct academic function, the university's influence extends into the political sphere, with its representatives actively participating in the Civic Chamber of the Russian Federation and serving on the Expert Council under the Government of Russia, a clear indication of its intrinsic ties to state governance.

Administration

The Higher School of Economics University was formally brought into existence on 27 November 1992, through a governmental decree issued by the Russian authorities. For a considerable period following its inception, the university was under the consistent leadership of its permanent rector, Yaroslav Kuzminov, who was also a key figure in the institution's initial founding. [11] Such stability in leadership is often either a sign of profound efficacy or entrenched power structures.

However, this long-standing tenure eventually concluded. In July 2021, Yaroslav Kuzminov stepped down from his rectorial post. His successor in this pivotal role was Nikita Anisimov [ru]. Kuzminov, rather than departing entirely, transitioned into the position of Academic Supervisor, taking over from Yevgeny Yasin, who had relinquished the role due to health considerations. [12]

Prior to these administrative shifts, the esteemed former Minister of Economics, Yevgeny Yasin, held the significant position of Academic Supervisor, acting as a crucial liaison for the university within other academic organizations. [13] [14] Concurrently, the university's President, Alexander Shokhin, assumed the responsibility of representing HSE in its critical interactions with governmental bodies, [13] [15] effectively managing the delicate balance between academic pursuits and state interests. The roster of vice-rectors at HSE has historically included notable economists such as Vadim Radaev [ru], [16] Lev Yakobson [ru], [17] and Alexander Shamrin, [18] [19] individuals who presumably navigate the labyrinthine corridors of academic administration with varying degrees of success.

The various university councils are populated by a rather predictable assembly of influential figures drawn from the spheres of politics and business. These include, but are not limited to, the prominent Russian politician Sergey Kiriyenko [11]; the Chairman of the State Duma, Vyacheslav Volodin [20]; the founder of "Sberbank," Herman Gref; the president of Renova Group, Viktor Vekselberg; the Russian billionaire technology entrepreneur Arkady Volozh; the chairman of the management board of Otkritie FC Bank, Mikhail Mikhailovich Zadornov; a major shareholder of the Russian gas company Novatek, Leonid Mikhelson; the philanthropist Vadim Moshkovich; and the businessman and political activist Mikhail Prokhorov. [13] This extensive list merely underscores the well-established symbiotic relationship between institutions of higher learning and the powerful figures who shape a nation's economy and politics.

Faculties and Departments

The academic structure of HSE University is meticulously organized into a broad array of faculties, each housing specialized schools and departments designed to cover an extensive spectrum of knowledge. This detailed compartmentalization suggests a relentless pursuit of comprehensive academic coverage, or perhaps, merely a fondness for intricate organizational charts.

• HSE Lyceum [ru]
• HSE Faculty of Mathematics
• HSE Faculty of Physics
• HSE Tikhonov Moscow Institute of Electronics and Mathematics (MIEM HSE)
  • School of Electronic Engineering
  • School of Computer Engineering
  • School of Applied Mathematics
• Faculty of Computer Science [ru]
  • School of Software Engineering
  • School of Data Analysis and Artificial Intelligence
  • Big Data and Information Retrieval School
• Faculty of Business and Management
  • School of Business Administration
  • School of Logistics
  • School of Business Informatics
  • Higher School of Business Informatics (in Russian)
  • Institute of Innovation Management
  • International Centre of Training in Logistics (in Russian)
  • Higher School of Project Management (in Russian)
  • Higher School of Marketing and Business Development (in Russian)
• Faculty of Law
  • Department of Civil Law (in Russian)
  • Department of Constitutional and Administrative Law (in Russian)
  • Department of International Public and Private Law (in Russian)
  • Department of Practical Law (in Russian)
  • Department of Judicial Power (in Russian)
  • Department of Theory of Law and Comparative Law (in Russian)
  • Department of Labour and Social Welfare Law (in Russian)
  • Department of Criminal Law (in Russian)
  • Joint Department with the Federal Anti-Monopoly Service (in Russian)
  • Department of Financial, Tax, and Customs Law (in Russian)
• Faculty of Humanities [ru]
  • School of History
  • School of Cultural Studies
  • School of Linguistics
  • School of Literary History and Theory
  • School of Philosophy
  • School of Foreign Languages
• Faculty of Social Sciences
  • School of Politics and Governance
  • School of Sociology
  • School of Psychology
  • Institute of Education
  • Institute of Demography
  • Public Policy Department
• Faculty of Communications, Media, and Design
  • School of Media
  • School of Integrated Communications
  • School of Art and Design [ru]
• Faculty of World Economy and International Affairs
  • School of World Economy
  • School of International Affairs
  • School of International Regional Studies
  • School of Asian Studies
• Faculty of Economic Studies
  • Department of Theoretical Economics
  • Department of Applied Economics
  • School of Finance
  • Department of Mathematics
  • Department of Statistics and Data Analysis
  • International College of Economics and Finance
• Faculty of Urban and Regional Development
  • Vysokovsky Graduate School of Urbanism
• Faculty of Chemistry
• Faculty of Biology and Biotechnology
• Faculty of Geography and Geoinformation Technologies

Independent departments

Beyond the structured faculties, HSE also maintains a selection of independent departments, which presumably operate with a degree of autonomy, or at least, a distinct budgetary line item.

• Department of Higher Mathematics
• Joint Department with Garage Museum of Contemporary Art
• Department of Physical Training (in Russian)
• Department of Innovation Management (in Russian)
• Department of Security Research (in Russian)
• Military Training Department (in Russian)

History

Prerequisites for establishment

The early 1990s in Russia were a period of profound upheaval and, consequently, a rather fertile ground for new ideas, or at least, new institutions designed to address glaring deficiencies. At this juncture, the state of education within Russian universities, particularly in the critical fields of economics and social science, was, to put it mildly, underdeveloped. This unfortunate situation was largely a lingering consequence of the preceding communist system, an era that had demonstrably led to the exile of many intellectuals and, in its wake, stifled the advancement of various academic fields of research. [21] The historical irony is not lost: the very system that sought to control thought ultimately created a vacuum.

The transition from a centrally planned economy to a more dynamic market economy had tentatively begun in the USSR during the 1980s. By 1992, Gaidar's government embarked upon a series of significant reforms [ru] that, almost overnight, drastically amplified the demand for specialists. These were individuals not merely familiar with, but adept at analyzing and predicting trends within the contemporary world economy. [22] Without such expertise, the envisioned economic transformation would remain a mere theoretical exercise. It was in this environment that, also in 1992, a pivotal law was enacted, granting authorization for the establishment of private universities. At that time, Russia boasted 33 state universities purportedly specializing in sociology and economics. However, attempting to reform these deeply entrenched, conservative institutions, including the venerable Moscow State University, was widely perceived as an inefficient, if not entirely futile, endeavor. Consequently, the government readily endorsed the concept of founding an entirely new university, one explicitly prioritizing research in socio-economic sciences, free from the inertia of the past. [23]

As Yegor Gaidar himself articulated, with a clarity that hindsight often provides:

At the beginning of the 1990s, we understood that the absence of Russian economic school and Russian financial education is a strategic problem for the country <...>. It was almost impossible to create such a system based on existing economic universities, thus, as it also happened to the Institute for the Economy in Transition period [ru], the Higher School of Economics started from scratch. [24]

Establishment and formation

The very existence of HSE University is largely attributable to the concerted efforts of Yaroslav Kuzminov and Yevgeny Yasin. In the nascent years of the 1990s, both academics were engaged in teaching economics at the Moscow State University, where, notably, in 1989, Kuzminov had already taken the initiative to establish an "alternative," or rather, non-communist, Department of Economics, which received crucial sponsorship from the Soros Foundation. [25] This early foray into independent academic thought laid significant groundwork. By 1991, Kuzminov and Yasin, collaborating with fellow economists Oleg Ananin and Rustem Nureev, meticulously prepared a grant application for the European Union. This ambitious project, valued at an impressive 100 million euro, was conceived to provide "technical assistance in the field of economic education." The comprehensive proposal encompassed approximately 30 distinct projects, among them the now-renowned Gaidar Institute for Economic Policy. [26]

Yevgeny Yasin candidly described the initial vision for the institution:

HSE University was initially planned as a think tank for officials. It was supposed to promote reforms in Russia, to train economists, analysts, and teachers who would be able to work in the new conditions for the new government. [13]

On 27 November 1992, Yegor Gaidar affixed his signature to the governmental decree titled "On creation of the Higher School of Economics"—a noteworthy act, as it marked his final decree as the Deputy Prime Minister of the Russian Federation. [27] [13] The founders of HSE intentionally eschewed the more conventional term "university," opting instead for "school," a deliberate choice that, as they noted, referenced the prestigious London School of Economics. [28] [29] This aspirational naming convention immediately signaled their intent to forge a new path in Russian higher education. The project quickly garnered significant international backing, with both the European Union and the Government of France stepping forward as early sponsors. This immediate support facilitated the dispatch of HSE scholars to pursue studies in the Netherlands and enabled the invitation of distinguished professors from institutions such as the Sorbonne University and through the Erasmus Programme, injecting much-needed international perspective and expertise into the nascent institution. [30]

In its formative years, the absence of a comprehensive physical library was ingeniously compensated by the rapid development of an online resource system. This digital repository provided students and faculty with essential training materials, a pragmatic solution to an immediate logistical challenge. Given that the university deliberately sidestepped adherence to existing state education programs, its pedagogical focus gravitated towards the translation and adoption of advanced foreign textbooks, which subsequently formed the foundational bedrock of its educational curricula. [31] Beyond its teaching mandate, university experts served as crucial advisors to the government, offering insights and guidance on a wide array of socio-economic reforms, jurisprudence, and political science matters. For instance, in the early 2000s, Kuzminov and Yasin were integral participants in the formulation of the "Strategy 2010 [ru]" program, a significant social and economic development initiative spearheaded by Herman Gref that aimed to establish a foundational framework for government policy, demonstrating the university's deep integration into the national policy-making apparatus. [27] [32] [33] [11] [13]

Education system; rankings

The relentless human inclination to quantify and categorize extends, quite predictably, to academic institutions. HSE University's standing in various global and regional rankings offers a snapshot of its perceived academic prowess.

Global ranking

As per the 2022 assessment, HSE University found itself positioned at #568 in the coveted Best Global Universities list compiled by U.S. News & World Report. [34] The Center for World University Rankings placed it at #881 in the same period. [35] A slightly earlier evaluation in 2020 saw it within the 801-900 bracket in the Academic Ranking of World Universities (ARWU), an influential metric also commonly referred to as the Shanghai Ranking. [36] These numerical designations, of course, serve as convenient signposts in the ever-shifting landscape of global academia.

Regional ranking

In a move towards greater international alignment, HSE University, in September 1993, became the vanguard among Russian universities by adopting the Bologna education system. This foresight meant that by the time Russia formally acceded to the Bologna Process in 1998, the Higher School of Economics had already been producing certified graduates under this new framework. Its first cohort of Master's degree holders emerged in 1995, followed swiftly by its Bachelor's graduates the very next year. [37] This was not merely adoption, but a rather impressive head start.

Further cementing its international outlook, a significant agreement was forged in 1997 between HSE University and the esteemed London School of Economics (LSE). This partnership led to the establishment of The International College of Economics and Finance (ICEF), an entity that would later be rebranded as the "International Institute of Economics and Finance." Under the rigorous regulations stipulated by the University of London, students enrolled in this program commence taking classes exclusively in English from their second year onwards. Upon the successful fulfillment of all stipulated requirements, these graduates are awarded a coveted double diploma, jointly issued by the University of London and the Higher School of Economics, a testament to the program's dual academic accreditation. [38]

The year 2001 marked another pivotal moment in Russian education, as the Ministry of Education launched the project for the Unified State Exam (USE). This standardized examination system was developed in close collaboration with specialists from HSE, underscoring the university's growing influence on national educational policy. The USE is an obligatory series of examinations that students must successfully navigate upon graduating from secondary school, serving as the sole gateway for application to universities or professional colleges. Since its full implementation in 2009, the USE has been the exclusive form of graduation examination in Russian schools. [11] HSE, once again demonstrating its progressive stance, was the first university in Russia to accept USE results as the primary criterion for student enrollment. This strategic decision allowed the university to establish a high admissions threshold, thereby attracting and admitting some of the most academically promising students from across the entirety of Russia. [39] [40]

In 2004, a significant step was taken to bolster the university's research capabilities with the establishment of the first Academic Foundation, specifically designed to support university research endeavors and foster academic activities. Just a year later, a dedicated group of research laboratories was inaugurated. By 2006, HSE had further expanded its research infrastructure by launching the Center for Fundamental Research, tasked with the crucial role of coordinating all university research, including projects commissioned directly by the government. The institution's global reach in research was further extended with the launch of its first international laboratories during the period of 2010–2011. [41] [42]

By the advent of the 2000s, Russian universities found themselves in a precarious financial position, largely divested of comprehensive state support and compelled to independently secure funding and attract investors. In this challenging environment, HSE had already distinguished itself as an influential think tank, with a substantial portion—over 20%—of its income derived from undertaking custom research projects. Beyond its involvement in the USE, HSE experts were instrumental in shaping administrative reforms and contributing to "The Digital Russia Program," solidifying its role as a key player in national development. [43] A significant administrative shift occurred in August 2008 when HSE University was placed under the direct subordination of the Russian government, formalizing a close working relationship that had been developing for the preceding five years. Under the explicit directives of the President, the university was then tasked with initiating the comprehensive development of the "Strategy 2020" program, further entrenching its role in long-term national planning. [44] [45]

Subject/Faculty ranking

Recent years

The 2010s ushered in an era of consolidation within the Russian higher education landscape, spearheaded by the Ministry of Education's initiative for university mergers. In line with this directive, the Moscow Institute of Electronics and Mathematics was absorbed into the administrative structure of HSE University, [46] [45] expanding its technological capabilities. Further enhancing its educational ecosystem, the HSE Lyceum was established in 2011, providing a preparatory academic environment for high school students. [47] The university continued its relentless expansion, inaugurating several new faculties, including the Faculty of Communication, Media, and Design, and the Faculty of Philology. A particularly notable addition in 2014 was the Faculty of Computer Science, established with the crucial support of the Yandex group, a clear recognition of the growing importance of digital disciplines. [27] The first cohort of students for the Faculty of Physics was admitted in 2017, [48] followed in 2018 by the opening of faculties dedicated to Chemistry, Biology, and Biotechnology, [49] signaling a comprehensive diversification beyond its initial socio-economic focus. In 2015, the Faculty of History underwent a structural transformation, reorganizing into the School of Historical Sciences. This School was initially led by the distinguished historian Alexander Kamensky from 2015 to 2023, who has since transitioned to serve as its academic supervisor. [50]

In more recent years (spanning 2019–2020), a collective decision was reached by the heads of various faculties to embark on a campaign of renaming their respective units. This strategic rebranding, endorsed by the HSE Academic Council, was articulated as part of the university's broader development programs for 2030, with the stated aim of further augmenting its global competitiveness. [51] The primary impetus behind this renaming initiative was the recognition that HSE, while originally concentrated on economic studies, had undergone rapid and constant development, leading to the emergence of numerous new academic branches. Consequently, a faculty such as the "Higher School of Economics Faculty of Management" would, for instance, be more accurately and appealingly designated as the "Higher School of Business," reflecting its expanded scope and ambition. [51] One might infer that a name change is often the first, and sometimes only, step in a grander strategy for "global competitiveness."

A bronze bust commemorating Yegor Gaidar, the architect of Russia's early economic reforms, was unveiled in 2010. This tribute, funded by private donations from the faculty, was installed within the university building known as Durasov's Palace [ru], a permanent reminder of the institution's origins. [52]

In 2018, the then-rector of HSE University, Yaroslav Kuzminov, made a rather bold pronouncement: all lectures would transition to an entirely online format by the 2020s. [53] Kuzminov's rationale for this sweeping change was rooted in his assertion that traditional classroom-based instruction was demonstrably ineffective, evidenced by an alarmingly low attendance rate of merely 15-17% among students. In lieu of these physical gatherings, professors would be tasked with developing their own distant learning courses and engaging with their audience in a purely virtual environment. The university optimistically posited that this measure would serve to significantly increase student engagement in the educational process. [citation needed] One can only imagine the complexities of such a wholesale shift, and the varying degrees of "engagement" achieved through a screen.

Despite its active engagement with governmental projects and its undeniable proximity to the corridors of power, the university had, until relatively recently, cultivated an image as a politically independent actor. This positioning, however, has not been without its challenges, leading to several incidents throughout its history that have sparked considerable public outcry and scrutiny. For example, during the anti-government protests of 2009, a significant number of university students and lecturers exercised their right to participate in public rallies. In the aftermath, the HSE administration received a demand from the Moscow police, requesting the expulsion of participating students and the dismissal of professors involved in these anti-government activities. The university, in a rare display of defiance, refused to comply with these demands, elaborating on its decision with the succinct and rather pointed phrase: "they [students and professors] are not forbidden from participating in politics." [54] A rather inconvenient truth, it seems.

In March 2011, the university played host to a notable series of debates concerning Federal state law № 94 [ru]. This event featured a direct confrontation between the prominent Russian opposition figure Alexei Navalny and Rector Kuzminov, with representatives from the Ministry of Economic Development also present, underscoring the high-stakes nature of the discussion. [55]

The period between 2018 and 2020 saw several incidents revolving around the university's "V Tochku" talk show, a platform that, perhaps predictably, became a focal point for political friction. In one notable instance, following a talk by Dmitry Peskov, the press secretary for the President of Russia, wherein he discussed Navalny and various aspects of contemporary Russian state discourse, the recording of his speech, contrary to usual practice, was conspicuously not published on the university's website. However, a full transcription of the contentious remarks soon materialized on the BBC website, ensuring its wider dissemination. [56] The Department of Media and Communications subsequently issued an apology to students who publicly protested against this perceived act of omission, acknowledging their concerns and labeling the incident a "manifestation of censorship." [57] [58]

In more recent times, HSE has visibly endeavored to distance itself from overt political affiliations, a stance particularly evident in its handling of the case of Yegor Zhukov. Zhukov, a student at the university, garnered significant public attention when he was sentenced to three years of probation for unauthorized rioting against corruption within Moscow's authorities. [59]

However, the university's efforts to maintain political neutrality faced an insurmountable challenge in March 2022. Rector Nikita Yuryevich Anisimov found himself suspended by the European University Association (EUA). This decisive action was precipitated by the Russian Union of Rectors (RUR) expressing its support for the 2022 Russian invasion of Ukraine, a position that the EUA deemed "diametrically opposed to the European values that they committed to when joining EUA." [60] In a cascading series of reactions to the invasion, several prominent international institutions severed or suspended their relationships with HSE University. These included the Hamburg University of Applied Sciences, the Fletcher School at Tufts University, the School of Slavonic and East European Studies at UCL, and the Australian National University. [61] [62] [63] Further complicating its international standing, Ukraine itself sanctioned HSE in 2022. [64] Domestically, the university also reportedly dismissed dozens of its professors who had publicly protested the invasion, [65] a stark illustration of the tightening grip on academic freedom in a climate of escalating geopolitical tensions.

Campuses

HSE University has strategically extended its academic footprint beyond the capital, establishing a network of regional campuses that cater to a broader student population and regional needs. This expansion, of course, is a common tactic for institutions seeking to maximize their reach and influence.

Nizhny Novgorod

The very first regional campus of HSE University was inaugurated in Nizhny Novgorod in 1996, marking the beginning of the institution's decentralization. As of 2018, this campus served a substantial academic community, comprising approximately 2,700 students and a faculty of 320. In terms of the quality of its budgetary admissions—a key metric for academic rigor and student caliber—the Nizhny Novgorod campus holds the top position among all universities in its city. Furthermore, it distinguished itself by securing the 19th position in national Russian ratings assessing the overall quality of education. [66] [67] A rather respectable showing for a regional outpost.

Saint Petersburg

The campus situated in Saint Petersburg, Russia's historic imperial capital, was established in 1997. [68] By 2018, this branch of the university had ascended to the third position among Russia's socio-economic universities and ranked second within Saint Petersburg itself, based on the average Unified State Exam (USE) admission scores of its incoming students. As of 2019, the Saint Petersburg campus accommodated a significant population of 5,500 students and was supported by a faculty of 485, demonstrating its substantial growth and academic presence in the region. [69]

Perm

The third regional campus, located in Perm, was also established in 1997, further expanding HSE's national reach. [70] In 2018, this campus reported a community of approximately 2,000 students and a faculty of 120, contributing to the university's overall academic output. It secured the 29th position in the national Russian ranking for the quality of enrollment, a consistent indicator of its academic standing. [71] [72] Notably, in 2017, its Bachelor's program in "Business informatics" achieved an impressive fourth place in the same ranking, [73] highlighting a particular area of strength. [74] The Perm campus actively fosters international collaboration, engaging in partnerships with the University of Essex in the UK and the University of Évry Val d'Essonne in France. These collaborations facilitate joint double-degree programs, offering students unique opportunities for internationally recognized qualifications. [75] [76]

Budget and real estate

The lifeblood of any modern institution, particularly one of HSE's scale, is its financial underpinning. In 2018, the university's total income amounted to a substantial 17.76 billion rubles, a sum that, as of January 2020, equated to approximately 259,405,579 euros (or roughly US$290 million). [77] Such figures, of course, are merely a reflection of the economic realities of operating a large-scale academic enterprise.

The primary streams of financing for HSE are diverse, reflecting a pragmatic approach to securing resources. These include direct state funds, revenue generated from private education services, earnings from both fundamental and applied research, various grants, philanthropic donations, and other miscellaneous forms of support. [13] [27] [78]

A significant portion of the university's income, up to 40%, is derived from commissioned applied research. These projects are undertaken for a range of clients, including governmental agencies, private corporations, and international organizations. Among its regular clientele are prominent entities such as the Ministry of Education, the Moscow Department of Information Technology [ru], the Ministry of Economic Development, the energy giant Rosneft, the national airline Aeroflot, the state-controlled Gazprom, and Russian Railways. In any given academic year, the university manages to complete, on average, around 300 such projects, underscoring its role as a key research and consulting hub. [27] [13] Additional financial support is channeled through state subsidies and various scientific grants, including those from international programs. For instance, the Russian Academic Excellence Project alone provided the university with a considerable 950 million rubles, which, as of January 2020, was equivalent to approximately 13,874,037 euros (or roughly US$15.5 million). [79] [13] [27]

In 2007, the co-founders of HSE University took a strategic step by establishing the HSE financial endowment. This nonprofit organization serves as a dedicated vehicle for accepting donations on behalf of the university and subsequently investing the received funds. The profits generated from these investments are then meticulously channeled back into the development and support of various university projects, creating a self-sustaining funding mechanism. [80] As of December 2018, the endowment fund had grown to a size of 742.5 million rubles, which, in January 2020, translated to approximately 10,845,942 euros (or roughly US$12.1 million). [81] [13] [82] [83] [84] [31] [13] [85] [86] Such an endowment, of course, provides a veneer of long-term financial stability, a comforting thought in an unpredictable world.

Activity

The diverse activities undertaken by HSE University reflect its ambition to be a multifaceted institution, deeply integrated into both the academic and broader societal fabric of Russia.

Education

In 1996, the Higher School of Economics achieved the significant milestone of being granted the status of a State university, a formal recognition of its growing influence and legitimacy within the national educational system. [87] While initially establishing its reputation with a strong focus on economics, the university simultaneously placed considerable emphasis on the rigorous discipline of mathematics. By 1999, the institution had further broadened its academic offerings, launching the Faculty of Law, the School of Public Administration, and distinct Schools of Political and Social Science, indicating a deliberate expansion into critical areas of governance and societal study. [88] The early 2000s saw yet another wave of programmatic diversification. In 2002, in addition to its existing faculties, the university introduced innovative programs centered on business and political journalism, psychology, and business informatics, catering to emerging professional demands. [87] [45] [89] [90] Further solidifying its national presence, and with crucial governmental backing, HSE embarked on a rapid expansion of its physical infrastructure between 1996 and 1998, opening new campuses in various Russian regions. The first of these was established in Nizhny Novgorod, swiftly followed by campuses in Perm and St. Petersburg, effectively decentralizing its educational reach. [88] [91]

Originally, the university carved out its niche by specializing in Economics, Management, and the Social and Human Sciences, with the Faculty of Economic Sciences standing as its oldest and most foundational academic unit. However, recognizing the evolving landscape of knowledge and professional demand, HSE subsequently pivoted to place a stronger emphasis on Mathematics and Information Technology Programs. This strategic shift culminated in 2017 with the launch of degrees in Physics and Engineering Sciences, alongside ambitious plans to establish experimental laboratories within the esteemed institutes of the Russian Academy of Sciences. [92] [93] Concurrently, the university initiated its "Data culture" program, a far-reaching initiative aimed at the systematic and gradual integration of digital literacy courses across all its departmental units, preparing students for an increasingly data-driven world. [94] [95]

In a departure from traditional academic calendars, HSE University, in 1999, restructured its academic year into five distinct modules instead of the conventional two semesters. However, this innovative approach was later refined, with the university administration deciding to reduce the number of modules to four. From 1997 onwards, a significant pedagogical shift occurred, with the majority of examinations transitioning to a written format, [45] [96] presumably to ensure greater standardization and objectivity. Furthermore, all major student assignments are subjected to rigorous scrutiny using sophisticated plagiarism detection software, a necessary measure in an age where academic integrity is perpetually challenged. [97]

Alongside the modular system, the university pioneered the implementation of a "major/minor" education system. This framework allows students to pursue a core set of main disciplines as their "major" while simultaneously selecting a block of additional programs, or "minors," according to their individual interests and career aspirations. This structure, it is argued, affords students increased flexibility and dedicated time to prepare for seminars and individual projects, fostering a more personalized learning experience. [98] [99] Academic assessment at HSE is meticulously carried out in accordance with the internationally recognized European Credit Transfer and Accumulation System, [45] [100] ensuring comparability of qualifications. Consequently, every student is assigned an individual GPA-based ranking, a comprehensive metric that not only reflects their academic performance but also directly influences the size of their scholarship, offers potential discounts on tuition fees, and grants opportunities to participate in coveted foreign internships or learn additional languages within the university. [101] [102]

Regarding international mobility, approximately 8% of HSE students opt to continue their education at foreign universities, while a commendable 9% of the total student body comprises individuals from abroad or participants in exchange programs, indicating a healthy inbound flow. The university boasts an extensive network of collaborations, partnering with over 500 institutions worldwide, with a predominant focus on universities located in Europe and Asia. As of 2019, HSE University offered an impressive portfolio of 50 double degree programs, forged with prestigious institutions such as Humboldt University of Berlin, Erasmus University Rotterdam, the University of Leeds, the London School of Economics, ESCP Europe, and numerous other esteemed universities, providing students with globally recognized credentials. [103] [104] [45] [105]

Since 2013, the Higher School of Economics (HSE University) has been an active contributor to the global online learning landscape, recording and offering a substantial number of courses through the Coursera platform. According to official statistics from Coursera, by 2018, HSE University had distinguished itself by being among the top universities globally with the most recorded online courses. Its catalog encompassed approximately 100 courses, a quarter of which were delivered entirely in English, catering to an international audience. As early as 2017, HSE already held the distinction of having the highest number of recorded courses among all universities in Russia. [106] The sheer scale of its reach is impressive, with an average of around 1 million participants enrolling in its courses, 17% of whom originate from the United States, demonstrating its broad appeal. [107] [108] [109]

Science and innovations

The pursuit of knowledge beyond the classroom is a cornerstone of HSE's identity, manifested through a robust framework for scientific inquiry and innovation. As of 2018, the university was actively engaged in the work of 37 international laboratories, three of which were strategically located within its regional campuses. These laboratories represent a significant investment, established through the initiative and financial commitment of the university itself, often supplemented by substantial "Megagrants" from the government, indicating a concerted effort to foster cutting-edge research. [110] The caliber of leadership within these research units is equally impressive, with academic supervisors including such luminaries as Nobel Laureate in Economics Eric Maskin (who oversees the Laboratory of Decision Choice and Analysis) [110] and the recipient of the prestigious Fields Medal, Andrei Okounkov [111], alongside other distinguished professors from leading foreign universities. [112]

Beyond the traditional confines of research and development, and the dual pursuits of fundamental and applied research, the university has made substantial contributions to public knowledge. It has systematically published the findings of 15 large-scale, continuously monitored studies, [113] [114] offering invaluable longitudinal data. Additionally, it produces 11 comprehensive statistics volumes annually, providing critical insights into various socio-economic trends. HSE also actively supports national entrepreneurship, and since 2000, has consistently made filings to the Unified Archive of Economic and Sociological Data, contributing to a centralized repository of vital information. [115] [116] Its commitment to fostering innovation is further evidenced by its business incubator, which, according to the UBI Global World assessment in 2018, was ranked among the top 7 university incubators globally—a rather impressive feat. [117]

A significant recognition of its academic maturity occurred on 1 February 2017, when HSE was formally included in the exclusive list of 23 Russian universities empowered to grant academic degrees independently. Complementing this authority, the university maintains 16 active dissertation councils, facilitating the rigorous review and approval of doctoral research. [118] [119] As of 2018, HSE University is a prolific publisher, overseeing 26 distinct scientific journals. Of these, 11 are indexed in the internationally recognized Scopus database, and two have achieved indexing in WoS, attesting to their academic rigor and global visibility. The average citation index for its publications in Scopus witnessed a notable increase, rising from a modest 0.5% in 2013 to a more robust 6.2% by 2016, signaling a growing impact on the global research landscape. [120] [121] [122] [123]

Social projects

In a gesture of civic engagement, or perhaps a strategic move to soften its institutional image, the HSE campus in Moscow initiated the public project "University opened to the city" in 2013. This program was designed to offer a diverse array of lectures, exhibitions, master classes, festivals, and various educational activities, all freely accessible to the general citizenry. Following the successful example set by the main campus, its regional branches quickly adopted similar initiatives, organizing their own open lecture halls. For instance, in Saint Petersburg, a regular series of public lectures now takes place on the iconic New Holland Island. [124] [125] [126] Similarly, the HSE campus in Perm launched its own popular summer lecture hall, extending its academic reach beyond enrolled students. [127]

Beyond these public engagement efforts, HSE is involved in a range of other social projects. These include the development of Master's programs specifically tailored for teachers, the ongoing refinement of education standards, providing expert support to other Russian universities, active participation in various academic associations, and offering free consultations to citizens on complex social and judicial questions. [128] These endeavors, one might cynically observe, serve to demonstrate the university's "commitment" to the public good, or at least, its capacity for effective public relations.

Controversy

Despite its carefully cultivated image and its undeniable proximity to the Russian government, the Higher School of Economics has, with a rather predictable regularity, found itself a target of politically charged criticism. This is, after all, the natural consequence of existing in such a sensitive political ecosystem. In 2014, during a congress of the ruling United Russia party, the university was, with characteristic subtlety, pejoratively dubbed a "snake’s nest." [129] More overtly, the journalist Vladimir Solovyov went further, publicly asserting that HSE was "absolutely openly inciting things here, de facto preparing such a Maidan underground and are that very fifth column," a rather hyperbolic accusation suggesting deep-seated subversion. [130]

HSE has, indeed, frequently surfaced in political news cycles. For example, in the aftermath of a Dissenters' March in 2009, the university's management received an official demand from the Moscow police, insisting on the expulsion of students and the dismissal of lecturers who had participated in the demonstration. The university, however, notably refused to comply, asserting that its faculty and students were "not prohibited from engaging in politics." [131] In March 2011, a notable debate unfolded at HSE between the prominent opposition figure Alexei Navalny and Rector Yaroslav Kuzminov, focusing on the intricacies of the "public procurement law" 94-FZ, with representatives from the Ministry of Economic Development also in attendance, underscoring the high-level engagement. [132]

In 2013, the Moscow campus of the Higher School of Economics became the scene of police searches conducted at the department of Mikhail Fedotov, a presidential adviser on human rights who had been involved in the examination of the second criminal case against YUKOS. [27] This incident hinted at the institution's entanglement in politically sensitive legal matters. Early in 2014, the government notably delayed its consideration of Yaroslav Kuzminov’s candidacy for the position of rector, a pause that undoubtedly generated considerable speculation. Ultimately, however, his contract was extended for another five years, ensuring continuity in leadership. [13]

Further incidents highlighted the delicate balance HSE sought to maintain. In 2018, Dmitry Peskov, the press secretary for the Russian President, was invited to participate in the university's program "To the Point." However, his speech, which reportedly touched on politically sensitive topics, remained conspicuously unpublished by the university. A full transcript of the speech, however, swiftly became available on the BBC website, ensuring its dissemination. [133] In response, students penned an open letter to the dean, decrying the incident as an act of censorship that, they argued, should not be tolerated within a journalism department. [134] As a result, the Media Department issued a public apology to the students, acknowledging the controversy. [135] The "To the Point" program once again garnered media attention in May 2019, when Lyubov Sobol, a Moscow City Duma candidate, publicly stated that the program was abruptly cancelled after she had been invited to appear on air. [136] Rector Yaroslav Kuzminov publicly addressed this decision, reiterating the university's official stance of maintaining a non-political position. [137] This period saw a discernible trend of specialists involved in political research beginning to depart from the university, [138] [139] suggesting an internal chilling effect. Consequently, the Higher School of Economics issued an order to merge the Department of Political Science of the Faculty of Social Sciences with the Department of State and Municipal Administration, forming a new Department of Politics and Management, effective from 1 September 2019. [140]

The year 2020 brought further turmoil, with the dismissal of several university teachers, including Yelena Lukyanova, Alexander Kynev, and Kirill Martynov, among others. It is widely believed that the underlying reason for their termination was their public criticism of that year's controversial amendments to the Russian Constitution. [141] Some of those dismissed pursued legal recourse, filing lawsuits demanding 550,000 rubles as compensation for moral damage, but these claims were ultimately rejected by the Basmanny Court of Moscow. [142] [143] In February 2021, the Higher School of Economics terminated its contract with guest teacher Anna Vellikok. The official justification for this termination was her inability to conduct scheduled classes, a consequence of her arrest for retweeting information about an uncoordinated rally that had taken place on 23 January 2021. [144] [145] [146] Despite a letter of appeal sent to the management by her former colleagues at the Faculty of Computer Science, [147] [148] Vellikok was not reinstated. The university's official position was that the termination of the contract was to be seen as "neither political persecution nor a violation of the employee's labor rights." [149] [150]

In early 2020, the HSE administration issued a reprimand to Professor Oleg Matveychev for a particularly inflammatory post on Facebook, deeming it unacceptable and containing "motives of hostility and hatred." [151] [152] [153] In his post, Matveychev had referred to citizens with liberal views as "liberal bastards," and disturbingly opined that "We need '37," a clear and chilling reference to the Great Purge of 1937. [154] [155] Even Vladimir Zhirinovsky, the often-outspoken leader of the Liberal Democratic Party of Russia, responded to the professor’s calls, publicly demanding Matveychev's dismissal from the Higher School of Economics, stating, "This man can be neither a political scientist nor a teacher." [156] [157] Such incidents underscore the inherent tension when academic freedom collides with political expediency and public outrage.

People

The individuals who comprise a university—its faculty, staff, and alumni—are, ostensibly, its most valuable assets, or at least, the most visible components of its machinery.

Faculty

In its formative years, HSE initially relied on securing grants to facilitate the invitation of foreign scholars. This was a pragmatic necessity, as these external experts, particularly during the university's nascent history, often possessed a depth of expertise that local specialists simply hadn't yet acquired. [158] By 2016, foreign specialists constituted approximately 11% of the total academic staff, with a notable proportion of them holding a PhD degree, indicating a continued commitment to international academic standards. [159]

Due to its close collaborations with the Ministry of Economic Development, the university frequently extended invitations to ministers of economics and other prominent politicians to teach classes and deliver lectures, offering students a direct interface with policy-makers. In the 1990s, the average age of lecturers at HSE was a relatively youthful 33 years. By 2011, this figure had risen to 43 years, reflecting a natural maturation of the faculty. A significant portion of the younger scholars joining HSE originated from the esteemed Russian Academy of Science and Moscow State University. HSE has consistently employed a competitive system for identifying and recruiting specialists, ensuring a high standard of academic talent. [158] During the 1990s, a period characterized by generally low academic salaries, many professors were compelled to hold multiple jobs to sustain themselves. In response to this challenge, HSE University introduced what it termed an "effective contract"—a financial incentive system designed to encourage professors to consider the Higher School of Economics as their primary workplace, fostering greater dedication and stability. Those who have dedicated a significant portion of their careers to the university are bestowed with the honorary status of "honoured professor," a recognition of their long-standing contributions. [160] [78]

Graduates

HSE University has consistently demonstrated a strong performance in graduate employment rates, a metric that, for many, serves as the ultimate validation of an institution's practical value. [161] In 2016, The Future Today, an organization focused on career prospects, ranked HSE University among the top Russian universities whose graduates were most sought after in the job market, boasting an impressive 85% employment rate. [162] An internal survey conducted by the university further corroborated these findings, revealing that a substantial 93% of its graduates secured employment within the first year following their graduation. This figure includes those who opted for freelance positions or chose to pursue further education, suggesting a diverse range of post-graduation paths. [163] [164] [165]

The list of distinguished graduates from HSE includes individuals who have ascended to significant positions of power and influence within the Russian Federation. Among them is Maxim Oreshkin, who would later be appointed to the prestigious position of Minister of Economic Development of the Russian Federation. [166] Similarly, Konstantin Noskov, another HSE alumnus, went on to become the Minister of Digital Development, Telecommunications and Mass Media of the Russian Federation, highlighting the university's impact on key governmental portfolios. [167] In the corporate sphere, Vladimir Kiriyenko stands out as a prominent business executive and media manager, currently serving as the CEO of VK, a widely popular Russian social networking service. [168] These examples, of course, merely serve to illustrate the well-trodden path from elite education to positions of power.

Notes

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