Lucknow

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Lucknow, India: The Capital City of Uttar Pradesh

This extensive article delves into the multifaceted city of Lucknow , nestled within the vibrant Indian state of Uttar Pradesh . For those seeking information on other entities bearing the name, a dedicated Lucknow (disambiguation) page is available.

A Metropolis of Significance in Uttar Pradesh

Lucknow, known locally as Lakhanaū , stands as a prominent metropolis and holds the distinction of being the second-largest city in the Indian state of Uttar Pradesh . It serves not only as the capital but also as the administrative nucleus for both the eponymous Lucknow district and the Lucknow division . As of the 2011 census , the city boasted a population of 2.8 million, securing its position as the eleventh most populous city and the twelfth-most populous urban agglomeration in India . Its influence extends across various sectors, making it a vital hub for education, commerce, aerospace, finance, pharmaceuticals, information technology, design, culture, tourism, music, and poetry. In synergy with Agra and Varanasi , Lucknow forms the crucial Uttar Pradesh Heritage Arc , a testament to its historical and cultural importance.

Nicknames and Identity

The city is affectionately known by several evocative nicknames, including: The City of Lakshmana , The City of Nawabs, The Golden City of India, Constantinople of the East, and Shiraz-e-Hind. These monikers offer a glimpse into its rich history, its association with the legendary Lakshmana , its regal Nawabi past, and its historical significance as a cultural and intellectual center.

Geographical Context and Coordinates

The geographical location of Lucknow is precisely defined by the coordinates 26°51′N 80°57′E / 26.850°N 80.950°E. It falls within the sovereign country of India , specifically in the state of Uttar Pradesh . Administratively, it belongs to the Lucknow division and is the principal city of the Lucknow district .

Governance and Administration

Lucknow operates under a Municipal Corporation , specifically the Lucknow Municipal Corporation . The current Mayor is Sushma Kharakwal, representing the BJP . The role of Municipal Commissioner is held by Gaurav Kumar, an officer of the Indian Administrative Service (IAS).

Key Landmarks and Infrastructure

The cityscape of Lucknow is marked by several significant landmarks and infrastructural developments, including:

• Lucknow Charbagh railway station : A historically significant and architecturally impressive railway terminus.
• Hazratganj Market : The city’s vibrant central business and shopping district.
• King George’s Medical University : A premier institution for medical education and healthcare.
• Ambedkar Memorial Park : A sprawling memorial dedicated to social reformers.
• La Martinière College : An iconic educational institution with a unique architectural heritage.
• Ekana Cricket Stadium : A modern stadium hosting major sporting events.
• Lucknow Metro : The city’s rapid transit system, lauded for its efficient construction.
• Bara Imambara : A magnificent historical monument renowned for its architectural marvels.

Toponymy: The Roots of the Name

The name “Lucknow” is the anglicised rendition of its local pronunciation, “Lakhnau.” Several theories attempt to explain its origin. One popular legend attributes the name to Lakshmana , the revered hero from the Hindu epic Ramayana . According to this narrative, Lakshmana possessed a palace or estate in the area, which was known as Lakshmanapuri, meaning “Lakshmana’s city.” By the 11th century, this settlement had evolved into Lakhanpur, or Lachhmanpur, eventually leading to the name Lucknow.

Another theory suggests a connection to Lakshmanavati, meaning “fortunate,” also linked to Lakshmana. This name purportedly transformed through Lakhanavati and Lakhnauti to finally become Lakhnau. A less common, yet proposed, etymology links the name to Lakshmi , the Hindu goddess of wealth. Over time, Laksmanauti, Laksmnaut, Lakhsnaut, and finally Lakhnau emerged.

A more grounded theory posits that the city’s name is derived from an influential architect named Lakhna Ahir, who is credited with the construction of the fort known as Qila Lakhna.

A Glimpse into History

The historical trajectory of Lucknow is long and complex, dating back to the 6th century BCE when it was a part of Kosala , one of the sixteen Mahajanapadas during the late Vedic period .

From approximately 1350 onwards, Lucknow and the surrounding region of Awadh experienced a succession of rulers, including the Delhi Sultanate, the Sharqi Sultanate , the Mughal Empire , the Nawabs of Awadh , the British East India Company , and subsequently, the British Raj .

For a significant period, from 1394 to 1478, Awadh was under the dominion of the Sharqi Sultanate of Jaunpur. Later, Emperor Humayun incorporated it into the Mughal Empire around 1555. Emperor Jahangir (1569–1627) granted a substantial estate in Awadh to his trusted nobleman, Sheikh Abdul Rahim. It was on this estate that Sheikh Abdul Rahim later constructed Machchi Bhawan, which subsequently became the seat of power for his descendants, the Sheikhzadas, who wielded considerable influence over the region.

The lineage of the Nawabs of Lucknow gained prominence after the reign of the third Nawab, when Lucknow was established as their capital. Under their patronage, the city blossomed into the cultural capital of North India. The Nawabs, renowned for their sophisticated and opulent lifestyles, were ardent patrons of the arts. This era witnessed a flourishing of music and dance, and the construction of numerous architectural marvels. Among the enduring structures from this period are the Bara Imambara , the Chota Imambara , and the Rumi Darwaza . A significant cultural legacy of the Nawabs is the syncretic Ganga-Jamuni Tehzeeb , a unique blend of Hindu and Muslim cultural traditions. The Chota Imambara, a Shia Muslim Hussainiya , also serves as the mausoleum for Muhammad Ali Shah .

Until 1719, the province of Awadh functioned as a part of the Mughal Empire, governed by an official appointed by the emperor. In 1722, Saadat Khan, a Persian adventurer also known as Burhan-ul-Mulk, was appointed the Nizam of Awadh and established his court in Faizabad , a city in proximity to Lucknow.

As the Mughal Empire began to disintegrate, numerous independent kingdoms emerged, with Awadh being one of them. Shuja-ud-Daula, the third Nawab (reigning from 1753 to 1775), found himself in conflict with the British after providing refuge to Mir Qasim, the fugitive Nawab of Bengal . Following his decisive defeat at the Battle of Buxar by the East India Company , he was compelled to pay substantial reparations and cede a portion of his territories. The city of Lucknow ascended to greater prominence when Asaf-ud-Daula, the fourth Nawab, relocated his court from Faizabad to Lucknow in 1775. The British East India Company established a resident (ambassador) in the city in 1773, and by the early 19th century, they had significantly increased their territorial control and influence within the state.

However, the British were initially hesitant to directly annex Awadh, perhaps to avoid direct confrontation with the formidable Maratha Empire and the remnants of the Mughal Empire. In 1798, the fifth Nawab, Wazir Ali Khan, alienated both his subjects and the British, leading to his forced abdication. The British then supported Saadat Ali Khan II in ascending the throne. He became a puppet monarch , and a treaty signed in 1801 saw him cede a large part of Awadh to the East India Company. He also agreed to disband his own military forces in favor of a costly British-controlled army. This treaty effectively rendered Awadh a vassal state of the East India Company , although it nominally remained part of the Mughal Empire until 1819. The 1801 treaty proved advantageous for the East India Company, granting them access to Awadh’s substantial treasuries and allowing them to secure loans at favorable rates. Furthermore, the administration of Awadh’s armed forces provided them with profitable returns, and the state served as a crucial buffer zone. The Nawabs, largely ceremonial rulers, indulged in ostentatious displays of power and grandeur. By the mid-19th century, however, the British grew impatient with this arrangement and began to push for direct control over Awadh.

The evocative ruins of The Residency in Lucknow stand as a poignant reminder of the intense gunfire and battles endured during the rebellion.

In 1856, the East India Company took the decisive step of moving its troops to the border and subsequently annexed Awadh, citing alleged maladministration. Awadh was then placed under the jurisdiction of a chief commissioner, Sir Henry Lawrence . The reigning Nawab, Wajid Ali Shah , was apprehended and subsequently exiled by the East India Company to Calcutta . During the momentous Indian Rebellion of 1857 , his 14-year-old son, Birjis Qadra , was proclaimed ruler, with his mother, Begum Hazrat Mahal , playing a pivotal role. Following the suppression of the rebellion, Begum Hazrat Mahal and other rebel leaders sought refuge in Nepal .

Lucknow holds a significant position as a major center of Shia Islam in the Indian Subcontinent, exhibiting a distinct influence of Persian , Shiite , Arabic , and British cultures and traditions evident in its architecture, language, and customs.

The image of the 7th Hussars charging a body of the Mutineer’s Cavalry at Alambagh, Lucknow, captures a dramatic moment from this turbulent period.

The Crucible of Rebellion and Independence

Lucknow emerged as a pivotal center during the Indian Rebellion of 1857 and played an active role in India’s independence movement , solidifying its status as a strategically vital city in North India. During the rebellion, a significant proportion of the East India Company’s troops were recruited from the populace and nobility of Awadh. The rebels successfully seized control of the state, and it took the British a grueling 18 months to reconquer the region. It was during this tumultuous period that the garrison stationed at The Residency in Lucknow found itself under a prolonged siege by rebel forces, an event known as the Siege of Lucknow . The siege was ultimately relieved by forces commanded by Sir Henry Havelock and Sir James Outram , followed by a more substantial relief force led by Sir Colin Campbell . Today, the haunting ruins of the Residency and the solemn Shaheed Smarak serve as powerful memorials, offering a tangible connection to Lucknow’s profound role in the events of 1857.

Following the cessation of the rebellion, Oudh was reinstated under British governance, administered by a chief commissioner. In 1877, the administrative roles of the lieutenant-governor of the North-Western Provinces and the chief commissioner of Oudh were combined. By 1902, with the formation of the United Provinces of Agra and Oudh , the title of chief commissioner was dropped, though Oudh retained certain vestiges of its former autonomy.

A map depicting parts of the Old City and the Civil Station, dating back to approximately 1914, highlights the urban development of the period.

The Khilafat Movement garnered considerable support in Lucknow, fostering a united front against British rule with the objective of establishing a Caliphate. In 1901, after serving as the capital of Oudh since 1775, Lucknow, with a population of 264,049, was integrated into the newly formed United Provinces of Agra and Oudh. In 1920, the administrative center of the province was relocated from Allahabad to Lucknow. Upon Indian independence in 1947, the United Provinces were reorganized into the state of Uttar Pradesh, with Lucknow continuing as its capital.

Lucknow has been the stage for several watershed moments in Indian history. Notably, it hosted the seminal meeting of Mahatma Gandhi , Jawaharlal Nehru, and Muhammad Ali Jinnah during the Indian National Congress session in 1916. This session was significant for the signing of the Lucknow Pact , which saw a reconciliation between the moderate and extremist factions of the Congress, facilitated by the efforts of Annie Besant . The Congress President for that session, Ambica Charan Majumdar, eloquently stated, “If the Congress was buried at Surat, it is reborn in Lucknow in the garden of Wajid Ali Shah.”

The city was also central to the Kakori conspiracy , an audacious act of defiance involving revolutionaries like Ram Prasad Bismil , Ashfaq Ullah Khan , Rajendra Nath Lahiri , and Roshan Singh . The subsequent Kakori trial captivated the nation’s imagination and had deep roots in Lucknow.

Culturally, Lucknow is also recognized for its tradition of courtesans, a legacy famously immortalized in the popular culture avatar of the fictional Umrao Jaan .

Following India’s independence from Britain on 15 August 1947 , Lucknow continued to grow and evolve. It has consistently ranked among the fastest-growing cities in India , demonstrating its enduring economic and social dynamism.

Geography: The Flow of the Gomti

The Gomti River serves as Lucknow’s principal geographical feature, winding its way through the city and delineating it into two distinct regions: the Trans-Gomti and Cis-Gomti areas. The city is strategically situated in the heart of the Indus-Gangetic Plain , surrounded by numerous rural towns and villages, including the renowned orchard town of Malihabad , Kakori , Mohanlalganj, Gosainganj , Chinhat, and Itaunja . Its geographical boundaries are further defined by Barabanki to the east, Unnao to the west, Raebareli to the south, and Sitapur and Hardoi to the north. Lucknow is also located within a seismic zone III , indicating a moderate seismic risk.

Lucknow stands at an approximate elevation of 123 meters (404 feet) above sea level. Until December 2019, the city’s area was 402 square kilometers (155 square miles). However, the incorporation of 88 villages into its municipal limits significantly expanded its area to 631 square kilometers (244 square miles).

The city’s morphology can be broadly categorized into three distinct zones: the central business district , a densely built-up area encompassing key commercial hubs like Hazratganj , Aminabad , and Chowk; a middle zone characterized by concrete housing structures; and an outer zone comprising villages that are gradually being integrated into the urban fabric.

Climate: A Study in Extremes

Lucknow experiences a humid subtropical climate (Köppen Cwa), marked by cool, dry winters from late November to February and intensely hot, dry summers from late March to June. The city receives the majority of its annual rainfall, approximately nine-tenths, between July and October, with an average of 827.2 millimeters (32.57 inches) from the southwest monsoon winds. Occasional rainfall from the northeast monsoon can occur in January. During winter, maximum temperatures typically hover around 25 °C (77 °F), while minimum temperatures range between 3 to 7 °C (37.4 to 44.6 °F).

Dense fog is a common occurrence from mid-December to late January, and it’s not uncommon for Lucknow to experience colder winter spells than hill stations like Shimla and Mussoorie , despite their higher altitudes in the Himalayas . A notable example was the exceptionally cold winter spell of 2012–2013, during which Lucknow recorded temperatures below freezing point on consecutive days, with the minimum temperature remaining close to freezing for over a week. Summers are characterized by extreme heat, with temperatures frequently soaring into the 40 to 45 °C (104 to 113 °F) range, and average maximum temperatures often in the high 30s Celsius.

In terms of air quality, Lucknow has achieved recognition, ranking fourth among “National Clean Air City” awardees in India (under Category 1 for cities with a population over 10 lakh).

Climate Data Table

Source 1: India Meteorological Department Source 2: Weather Atlas, Tokyo Climate Center (mean temperatures 1991–2020)

Flora and Fauna: A Touch of Green

Lucknow is celebrated for its exquisite Dasheri mangoes, a delicacy that enjoys a wide export market. The city’s verdant landscape is sustained by a variety of native tree species, including shisham , dhak , mahuamm , babul , neem , peepal , ashok , khajur , mango , and gular .

The district of Malihabad , adjacent to the city, is a significant producer of various mango varieties, particularly the renowned Dasheri, which are exported globally. The primary agricultural produce of the region includes wheat, paddy , sugarcane , mustard, potatoes, and a variety of vegetables such as cauliflower, cabbage, tomatoes, and brinjal . The cultivation of sunflowers, roses, and marigolds also occupies considerable agricultural land. The area is rich in medicinal and herbal plants, and common Indian monkeys can be found in the wooded areas surrounding the city, such as Musa Bagh .

The Bengal Tiger can be observed at the Lucknow Zoo , a testament to the region’s biodiversity.

Established in 1921, the Lucknow Zoo is one of India’s oldest zoological parks, housing a diverse collection of animals from various continents. The zoo offers recreational amenities, including toy train rides for visitors. Additionally, the city boasts a botanical garden, showcasing a rich array of botanical diversity. The Uttar Pradesh State Museum is another significant cultural institution, housing sculptural masterpieces that date back to the 3rd century AD, including intricately carved Mathura sculptures depicting scenes from the life of Buddha and various artistic representations.

Economic Landscape: A Hub of Industry and Craft

The economic fabric of the Lucknow urban agglomeration is woven with threads of diverse industries, including aeronautics, automotive manufacturing, machine tools, distillery chemicals, furniture production, and the intricate art of Chikan embroidery . Lucknow ranks among the leading cities in India in terms of Gross Domestic Product (GDP). It is also a significant center for research and development, hosting R&D facilities for organizations such as the National Milk Grid of the National Dairy Development Board, the Central Institute of Medical and Aromatic Plants, the National Handloom Development Corporation, and the U.P. Export Corporation.

According to a study by Assocham Placement Pattern, Lucknow is ranked sixth among the ten fastest-growing job-creating cities in India . Historically, Lucknow’s economy was predominantly service-oriented, with a large segment of the workforce employed in government positions. Compared to other major North Indian state capitals like New Delhi , large-scale industrial establishments were fewer. However, the economy is experiencing robust growth, driven by contributions from the information technology, manufacturing and processing, and medical/biotechnology sectors. Business support organizations, such as the CII , have established service centers in the city. Key export items include marbled products, handicrafts, art pieces, gems, jewelry, textiles, electronics, software products, computers, hardware, apparel, brassware, silk, leather goods, glass items, and chemicals. Lucknow has actively promoted public-private partnerships in sectors such as electricity supply, road infrastructure, expressways, and educational ventures.

Despite its capital status, Lucknow has, in recent times, lagged behind certain other cities in terms of per capita income, ranking seventh in Uttar Pradesh . Cities like Noida , Ghaziabad , and Meerut have taken the lead in industrial expansion and attracting IT-related employment opportunities. Noida, in particular, boasts the highest per capita income in the state, followed by Meerut.

The city is home to multiple software and IT companies, including prominent names like Tata Consultancy Services and HCL Technologies , with many IT firms concentrated in the Gomti Nagar area. While it continues to develop its IT sector, it still trails behind major hubs like Noida , Greater Noida , and Meerut . The city also hosts regional headquarters for major corporations such as Sony Corporation and Reliance Retail. The handicrafts sector contributes significantly, accounting for approximately 60 percent of the state’s total exports.

Companies like Hindustan Aeronautics Limited , KARAM, Berger Paints , Britannia Industries , Exide Industries , and Tata Motors have established manufacturing plants in Lucknow. Tata Motors operates a plant primarily focused on light commercial vehicles, established in 1992 with a daily production capacity of 640 vehicles. A Tata Marcopolo factory also operates within the city.

To bolster the textile industry, the Indian government has allocated Rs. 2 billion (2000 million rupees) for the establishment of a textile business cluster in Lucknow. A large-scale IT city, estimated to cost Rs. 15 billion, is planned for the Chak Ganjaria farms site on the road to Sultanpur, Uttar Pradesh . This project has already received approval for Special Economic Zone status, with expectations of generating thousands of employment opportunities. Furthermore, a defense industrial corridor is also being developed in the city.

Historically, Lucknow has served as a primary mandi (trading town) for agricultural produce from the surrounding regions, including mangoes, melons, and grains. The proximity of sugarcane -growing plantations and sugar industries attracted Edward Dyer, who established a molasses-based unit in the city. Dyer Breweries, incorporated in 1855, was Asia’s first commercial brewery. The company was later renamed Mohan Meakin Brewery in 1967, after diversifying into various industries.

• Lucknow is renowned for its small-scale industries specializing in unique embroidery styles, namely, Chikan and Lakhnawi Zardozi . Both of these crafts are significant contributors to foreign exchange earnings. Chikan embroidery, in particular, has garnered widespread acclaim, attracting the attention of fashion designers in Bollywood and internationally. Its popularity in Indian markets remains exceptionally high.
• During the era of the Nawabs, kite -making reached a sophisticated level of artistry and continues to be a practiced small-scale industry today.

The Ministry of Communications and Information Technology established Software Technology Parks of India in Lucknow in 2001. Currently, biotechnology and information technology are prioritized as key sectors for economic development in and around the city. The Ministry of Science and Technology (India) is setting up a dedicated biotech park within the city. Lucknow has also been selected as a beneficiary city under the Smart City project of STPI .

The city is being developed with the vision of becoming a major regional hub, akin to Delhi ’s National Capital Region , and is slated to serve as the headquarters of the Uttar Pradesh State Capital Region, also referred to as the Lucknow State Capital Region. It is envisioned to become the country’s first AI City and the largest IT hub in India . As of recent rankings, it holds the 7th position in the state for GDP per capita. Furthermore, Lucknow is poised to become a significant manufacturing center for Bramhos missiles, with the establishment of two Defence Research and Development Organisation (DRDO) centers. The Lucknow region is emerging as a crucial industrial and logistics hub in North India, second only to Delhi-NCR, particularly in the warehousing sector.

Administration: A Layered Structure

General Administration: The Lucknow division , comprising six districts, is overseen by a Divisional Commissioner, a senior IAS officer . The Commissioner holds the responsibility for the overall governance of local institutions, infrastructure development, and maintaining law and order within the division. The District Magistrate of Lucknow reports directly to the Divisional Commissioner. The current Commissioner is Mukesh Meshram.

The administration of the Lucknow district is headed by the District Magistrate (DM), also an IAS officer . The DM is responsible for land records, revenue collection for the central government, and the conduct of elections within the city. The district is further divided into five tehsils : Sadar, Mohanlalganj, Bakshi Ka Talab, Malihabad, and Sarojini Nagar, each managed by a Sub-Divisional Magistrate . The current DM is Vishak G. The District Magistrate is supported by a Chief Development Officer (CDO), eight Additional District Magistrates (ADM) responsible for various portfolios (Finance/Revenue, East, West Trans-Gomti, Executive, Land Acquisition-I, Land Acquisition-II, Civil Supply), one City Magistrate (CM), and seven Additional City Magistrates (ACM).

Civic Administration: The Lucknow Municipal Corporation is the body responsible for the civic administration of the city. The city’s first municipal body was established in 1862 as a municipal board. The first Indian mayor, Syed Nabiullah , was elected in 1917 following the enactment of the UP Municipalities Act, 1916. In 1948, the Uttar Pradesh government transitioned the system from an elected one to an administrator-led model, with Bhairav Datt Sanwal assuming the role of administrator. The Uttar Pradesh Municipal Corporation Act, 1959, replaced the previous act in 1959, leading to the establishment of the Lucknow Municipal Corporation in 1960, with Raj Kumar Shrivastava as the first mayor.

The Mayor presides over the corporation, but the executive and administrative functions are managed by the Municipal Commissioner, a senior Indian Administrative Services (IAS) officer appointed by the Uttar Pradesh government. The last municipal elections were held in 2017, resulting in Sanyukta Bhatia of the Bharatiya Janata Party becoming Lucknow’s first female mayor. The Bharatiya Janata Party secured 57 councilor seats, the Samajwadi Party won 31, independent candidates claimed 14, and the Indian National Congress secured 8 seats. The current municipal commissioner, since August 17, 2020, is Ajay Kumar Dwivedi, an IAS officer. Although the Uttar Pradesh Municipal Corporation Act, 1959, provides for ward committees, these have not yet been constituted. Revenue generation for the Lucknow Municipal Corporation includes property taxes, user charges for solid waste management, penalties, rental income from municipal properties, fees for water supply, drainage, and sanitation services, grants, and charges for essential services like birth and death certificates. An executive committee, composed of 12 elected councilors from various political parties, is responsible for policy decisions within the corporation.

Police Administration: The Police Commissionerate System was implemented in Lucknow on January 14, 2020. The district police force is headed by a Commissioner of Police (CP), an IPS officer of Additional Director General of Police (ADGP) rank. This CP is supported by two Joint Commissioners of Police (IG rank) and five Deputy Commissioners of Police (SP rank). Lucknow is divided into five zones, each under the command of a Deputy Commissioner of Police. One Joint Commissioner is responsible for law and order, while the other oversees crime prevention and investigation. The current Police Commissioner of Lucknow City is IPS officer S.B. Shirodkar.

The district police employ advanced technology for citizen surveillance, with high-technology control rooms and comprehensive CCTV and drone camera coverage across major streets and intersections. Crowd control measures include the deployment of pepper-spraying drones. The Lucknow Police Department has installed over 10,000 CCTV cameras across the city’s roads and junctions, making Lucknow the first city in India to implement such extensive surveillance.

The Lucknow Modern Police Control Room (MCR) serves as India’s largest ‘Dial 112’ service center, equipped with 300 communication officers to handle distress calls from across the state and 200 dispatch officers to coordinate immediate police response. It is considered India’s most technologically advanced police control room. Lucknow also hosts the 1090 Women Power helpline, a specialized call center dedicated to addressing issues of eve-teasing. An Integrated ‘Dial 112’ Control Room building houses the world’s most advanced Police Emergency Response System (PERS).

Judicial Institutions

The city of Lucknow is home to a bench of the Allahabad High Court . In addition to this, Lucknow hosts a District & Sessions Court, five CBI Courts, one family court, and two railway courts. The High Court Bench, the District & Sessions Court, and the CBI courts are located in Qaiser Bagh, while the railway courts are situated in Charbagh.

There has been criticism regarding the judicial focus on central Uttar Pradesh, while Western Uttar Pradesh, an economic powerhouse, has long advocated for the establishment of another high court bench in its region. A significant portion of cases reaching the High Court originate from the 22 districts of Western Uttar Pradesh, yet a dedicated bench remains absent. This necessitates travel of approximately 700 km to Allahabad for legal proceedings, a distance greater than that to several other state high courts. The demand for a high court bench in Meerut is particularly strong, given that Western Uttar Pradesh contributes over 51.71% to the state’s GDP.

Central Government Offices

Since May 1, 1963, Lucknow has served as the headquarters for the Central Command of the Indian Army , having previously been the headquarters for the Eastern Command .

Lucknow also houses a branch office of the National Investigation Agency , tasked with combating terrorist activities in India. This office oversees operations in five states: Bihar , Madhya Pradesh , Uttarakhand , Jharkhand , and [Chhattisgarh], focusing on Naxal and terrorist-related activities.

The Commission of Railway Safety of India , operating under the Ministry of Civil Aviation , previously maintained its head office within the Northeast Railway Compound in Lucknow.

Infrastructure Development

The development and oversight of infrastructure within the city are primarily managed by the Lucknow Development Authority (LDA), which functions under the Housing Department of the Uttar Pradesh government . The Divisional Commissioner of Lucknow serves as the ex-officio chairman of the LDA, while a government-appointed IAS officer acts as the vice-chairman, responsible for the day-to-day operations of the authority. The current vice-chairman of the LDA is Akshay Tripathi. The LDA has been instrumental in formulating the Lucknow Master Plan 2031, outlining the city’s development trajectory.

Political Landscape

As the administrative seat of the government of Uttar Pradesh , Lucknow is home to the Uttar Pradesh Vidhan Sabha , a bench of the Allahabad High Court , and numerous government departments and agencies. Rajnath Singh , the current Union Defense Minister and a prominent figure of the Bharatiya Janata Party, represents the Lucknow Lok Sabha Constituency as its Member of Parliament . Kaushal Kishore holds the parliamentary seat for the Mohanlalganj (Lok Sabha constituency) , the second Lok Sabha constituency within Lucknow. The city is further divided into nine Vidhan Sabha Constituencies, each represented by an elected Member of the Legislative Assembly (MLA):

Public Utilities and Services

The supply of electricity within Lucknow is managed by Madhyanchal Power Distribution Corporation Limited, also known as Madhyanchal Vidyut Vitaran Nigam, which operates under the umbrella of the Uttar Pradesh Power Corporation Ltd . Fire safety services are provided by the Uttar Pradesh Fire Service, a department of the state government . The development and maintenance of water supply, sewer lines, and storm water drainage infrastructure fall under the purview of Jal Nigam. Water supply and the provision of water and sewer connections are handled by Jal Sansthan. The Lucknow Municipal Corporation is responsible for the comprehensive management of solid waste within the city.

Transportation Network: Connecting the City

Roads: Lucknow is a significant intersection point for major Indian National Highways. NH-30 connects it to Shahjahanpur via Sitapur in the north, and also extends south towards Allahabad via Raebareli . NH-27 links the city to Kanpur and Porbandar through Jhansi , and to Silchar via Gorakhpur . The city offers diverse public transportation options, including metro rail, taxis, city buses, cycle rickshaws , auto rickshaws , and low-floor compressed natural gas (CNG) buses, both with and without air conditioning. In recent years, air-conditioned bus services have also been introduced. The adoption of CNG as an auto fuel aims to mitigate air pollution. Major taxi services like Ola and Uber operate within the city.

The Lucknow Outer Ring Road , an ambitious 104 km, 8-lane highway project, is designed to significantly improve traffic flow and connectivity within and around Lucknow, facilitating faster transit to neighboring districts. This road connects to several national and state highways, including Sultanpur Road, Rae Bareli Road, Hardoi Road, Kanpur Road, Ayodhya Road, and Sitapur Road.

• Further details on specific roads and streets can be found under Subhash Marg and Mahatma Gandhi Marg, Lucknow .

Bus Services:

• City Buses: The city bus service is operated by Lucknow City Transport Services Limited (LCTSL), a public sector passenger road transport corporation headquartered at Triloki Nath Margh. The fleet comprises 260 buses operating across approximately 35 routes within the city. Major bus terminals are located in Gudamba, Viraj Khand, Alambagh , Scooter India, Institute of Engineering and Technology , Babu Banarasi Das University , Safedabad, Pasi qila, Charbagh , Andhe Ki Chowki, Jankipuram, Gomti Nagar Railway Station, Budheshwar Intersection, Faizabad Road, and Qaiserbagh . The city maintains four bus depots in Gomti Nagar , Charbagh , Amausi, and Dubagga.

• Inter-state Buses: The primary inter-state bus terminal (ISBT) is the Dr. Bhimrao Ambedkar Inter-state Bus Terminal located in Alambagh . Situated on National Highway 25 , it provides comprehensive services for both incoming and outgoing passengers. A smaller bus station is located at Qaiserbagh . The former bus terminal at Charbagh , opposite the main railway station , has been repurposed as a city bus depot to alleviate traffic congestion in the railway station vicinity. A third, smaller bus stop, Awadh Bus Stand, is located in Gomti Nagar. The Kanpur Lucknow Roadways Service is a vital service for daily commuters traveling between the two cities for business and educational purposes. The Uttar Pradesh State Road Transport Corporation (UPSRTC) operates air-conditioned Volvo buses, known as “Royal Cruiser,” for inter-state services. Key cities served by the UPSRTC intrastate bus service include Allahabad , Varanasi , Jaipur , Jhansi , Agra , Delhi , and Gorakhpur . Inter-state services extend to cities outside Uttar Pradesh such as Jaipur , New Delhi , Kota, Rajasthan , Singrauli , Faridabad , Gurgaon , Dausa , Ajmer , Dehradun , and Haridwar .

Railways: Lucknow is a major railway junction, served by several stations across the city. The primary long-distance railway station is Lucknow Railway Station , located at Charbagh. This station, with its imposing architecture dating back to 1923, serves as the divisional headquarters for the Northern Railway . Adjacent to it is Lucknow Junction railway station , the city’s second major long-distance station, operated by the North Eastern Railway . Lucknow is a crucial hub connecting to all major cities in the state and across the country, including New Delhi , Mumbai , Hyderabad , Kolkata , Chandigarh , Nashik , Amritsar , Jammu , Kota, Chennai , Bangalore , Ahmedabad , Pune , Indore , Bhopal , Jhansi , Jabalpur , Jaipur , Raipur , and Siwan, Bihar .

The city has a total of fourteen railway stations, including suburban stations like Bakshi Ka Talab and Kakori. All stations are now converted to broad gauge. The Lucknow–Kanpur Suburban Railway , established in 1867 to serve commuters between Lucknow and Kanpur, forms an integral part of the city’s suburban rail network.

• Stations: The city is served by the following stations: Aishbagh Junction , Alamnagar , Amausi , Badshahnagar , Daliganj Junction , Gomti Nagar , Lucknow Charbagh , Lucknow City , Lucknow Junction , Malhaur, Manak Nagar , Mohibullapur, Transport Nagar , and Utraitia Junction.

Air Transport: Lucknow is served by Chaudhary Charan Singh International Airport, which has been recognized as the second-best airport globally in the small airport category. The airport is equipped for all-weather operations and provides parking for up to 14 aircraft. Spanning 480 hectares (4.80 km²), it features Terminal 1 for international flights and Terminal 2 for domestic operations, capable of handling large aircraft such as the Boeing 767 and Boeing 747-400 , facilitating significant passenger and cargo traffic. International destinations include Dubai , Muscat, Oman , Sharjah (city) , Riyadh , Bangkok , Dammam , and Jeddah .

Future expansion plans for the airport include accommodating Airbus A380 jumbo jets. Construction of a new terminal at Lucknow Airport by Nagarjuna Construction Company (NCC) was slated for completion by December 2021 to manage increasing demand, alongside runway expansion initiatives. The airport is the eleventh busiest airport in India , the busiest in Uttar Pradesh , and the second-busiest in northern India.

Metro: The Lucknow Metro , a rapid transit system , commenced operations on September 6, 2017. It is recognized as the world’s fastest-built metro system and one of India’s most economical high-speed rapid transit projects. Civil works began on September 27, 2014. Lucknow possesses the third-largest metro network in Uttar Pradesh, following Noida , Meerut , and Ghaziabad . The metro system operates on two main corridors: the north-south corridor connecting Munshipulia to CCS International Airport, and the east-west corridor linking Charbagh Railway Station to Vasant Kunj. The project, though substantial in cost, provides a rapid mass transit solution to alleviate road traffic congestion.

Cycling: Lucknow is acknowledged as one of the more bicycle-friendly cities in Uttar Pradesh. Dedicated cycle tracks have been established near key government residences. These tracks, inspired by designs in Amsterdam , are being expanded to enhance the city’s cycle-friendliness, with plans for bike rental facilities also in development. In 2015, Lucknow hosted ‘The Lucknow Cyclothon,’ a national-level cycling event. The government of Uttar Pradesh is currently developing an extensive cycle track network, aiming to make Lucknow the city with India’s largest cycle network.

Demographics: A Growing Population

Source: [156]

Religion in Lucknow City (2011):

• Hinduism : 71.71%
• Islam : 26.36%
• Sikhism : 0.76%
• Christianity : 0.58%
• Others: 0.59%

The population of the Lucknow Urban Agglomeration (LUA) surpassed one million in 1981. The 2001 census estimated the population at 2.24 million, including approximately 60,000 in the Lucknow Cantonment and 2.18 million in Lucknow city, marking a 34.53% increase from 1991.

According to the provisional data from the 2011 Census of India , Lucknow city had a population of 2,815,601, with 1,470,133 males and 1,345,468 females. This represented a 25.36% increase compared to the 2001 figures. Between 1991 and 2001, the population growth rate was 32.03%, lower than the 37.14% recorded between 1981 and 1991. The initial provisional data indicated a population density of 1,815 inhabitants per square kilometer (4,700/sq mi) in 2011, an increase from 1,443 in 2001. Considering the Lucknow district’s total area of approximately 2,528 square kilometers (976 sq mi), the population density was significantly higher than the state average of 690 inhabitants per square kilometer (1,800/sq mi). The Scheduled Caste population in the district constituted 21.3% of the total population, marginally higher than the state average of 21.15%. Hindi is the predominant language, spoken by 88.16% of the population, while Urdu is spoken by 10.26%.

In 2011, the sex ratio in Lucknow city stood at 915 females per 1000 males, an improvement from the 2001 census figure of 888. The national average sex ratio in India was 940 according to the 2011 Census. The city’s overall literacy rate in 2011 was 84.72%, compared to Uttar Pradesh’s average of 56.27%. In 2001, these figures were 75.98% and 56.27% respectively. The total literate population in Lucknow city was 2,147,564, comprising 1,161,250 males and 986,314 females. Despite a higher work-participation rate in the district (32.24%) compared to the state average (23.7%), the female participation rate in Lucknow remained very low at only 5.6%, showing a slight decline from the 1991 figure of 5.9%.

Architectural Heritage: A Blend of Styles

Lucknow’s architectural landscape is a rich tapestry reflecting the influences of the Mughal and British eras, with a significant portion of its historical buildings concentrated in the older parts of the city. The Uttar Pradesh Tourism Department organizes a “Heritage Walk” to guide visitors through these prominent monuments. The city’s architectural repertoire includes religious structures like Imambaras , mosques, and other Islamic shrines, as well as secular edifices such as enclosed gardens, baradaris , and palace complexes.

The Ghanta Ghar, a towering clock tower, stands as the tallest in India.

Bara Imambara : Constructed in 1784 by Nawab Asaf-ud-Daula , the Bara Imambara in Hussainabad is a monumental edifice. It was initially built as a relief measure during a devastating famine that struck Uttar Pradesh in the same year, providing employment to thousands affected by the crisis. Remarkably, it is the largest arched hall in the world without any external supporting beams of wood, iron, or stone. Its construction involved an estimated 22,000 laborers.

Rumi Darwaza : Standing at an impressive 18 meters (60 feet) tall, the Rumi Darwaza was built by Nawab Asaf-ud-daula (reigned 1775–1797) in 1784. It historically served as the grand entrance to the city of Lucknow. Often referred to as the Turkish Gateway, it was erroneously believed to be identical to a gateway in Constantinople . The edifice is adorned with elaborate decorations and provides the western entrance to the Great Imambara.

Diverse architectural styles are evident throughout Lucknow’s historical districts. The University of Lucknow showcases strong inspiration from European architectural designs. The [Uttar Pradesh Vidhan Sabha building](/Uttar_Pradesh_Vidhan_ Sabha_building) and Charbagh Railway station prominently feature Indo-Saracenic Revival architecture . Dilkusha Kothi , the remnants of a palace built by the British resident Major Gore Ouseley around 1800, exemplifies English Baroque architecture. It served as a hunting lodge for the Nawabs of Awadhs and as a summer retreat.

The Chattar Manzil , which once served as a palace for the rulers of Awadh and their consorts, is distinguished by its umbrella-shaped domes, from which it derives its name (Chattar being the Hindi word for “umbrella”). Opposite the Chattar Manzil stands the ‘Lal Baradari,’ constructed by Nawab Saadat Ali Khan I between 1789 and 1814. It functioned as a throne room during coronations and now houses a museum displaying intricate portraits of key figures from the administration of the Kingdom of Oudh.

Multi-storey apartments are a more recent addition to the cityscape, reflecting modern development.

Another fascinating example of architectural fusion is La Martinière College , which blends Indian and European design elements. It was commissioned by Major-General [Claude Martin], a Frenchman born in Lyon who died in Lucknow on September 13, 1800. Originally named “Constantia,” its building features domed ceilings constructed without wooden beams. Glimpses of Gothic architecture can also be observed in the college’s design.

The main building of La Martiniere College , known as Constantia, is a striking example of this architectural synthesis.

Lucknow’s Asafi Imambara is celebrated for its vaulted halls, a defining architectural characteristic. The Bara Imambara, Chota Imambara, and Rumi Darwaza collectively represent the Nawabi era’s architectural synthesis of Mughlai and Turkish styles, while La Martiniere College stands as a testament to the Indo-European style. Even contemporary structures often incorporate characteristic domes and pillars, creating illuminated landmarks that become focal points of the city at night.

Hazratganj Market , the city’s primary commercial hub, showcases a compelling blend of historical and modern architectural styles. Its development includes a multi-level parking facility replacing an old police station, with expanded corridors leading to pebbled pathways. These pathways are lined with piazzas, green spaces, and wrought-iron and cast-iron lamp-posts, reminiscent of the Victorian era .

Culture and Traditions: A Legacy of Refinement

In common with other major Indian metropolitan cities, Lucknow is a vibrant mosaic of multicultural and multilingual influences. Many of the unique cultural traits and customs associated with Lucknow have evolved into living legends. The city’s contemporary culture is a product of the historical amalgamation of Hindu and Muslim rulers who governed the region. This rich synthesis is largely attributed to the secular and syncretic traditions fostered by the Nawabs of Awadh, who actively engaged in various aspects of life and encouraged these traditions, leading to a remarkable level of cultural sophistication. Modern-day residents of Lucknow, often referred to as Lucknowites or Lakhnavi, are known for their polite and refined manner of speaking, a characteristic frequently noted by visitors. The city also embodies a globalized melting pot where the legacy of Nawabi culture persists in the traditional vocabulary of the Urdu language, alongside modern avenues for advancement.

Traditional Attire: Lucknow is particularly famous for its traditional women’s outfit known as the gharara, which originated during the reign of the Nawabs of Awadh . This ensemble consists of a pair of loose trousers, intricately pleated below the knee, worn with a kurta (shirt) and a dupatta (veil). The gharara is often embellished with zari and zardozi embroidery, along with gota (decorative lace) applied to the knee area. Typically crafted from luxurious fabrics like silk, brocade , and kamkhwab, a gharara can require over 24 meters (26 yards) of fabric.

Language and Poetry: While Hindi is the primary official language of Uttar Pradesh, colloquial Hindustani is widely spoken in Lucknow. Indian English is also commonly understood and used in business and administrative contexts, a legacy of India’s British heritage and its ties to the Commonwealth of Nations , as well as the influence of globalization. The Urdu language holds a special place in Lucknow’s cultural heritage, primarily used by affluent families, descendants of the royal lineage, and in Urdu poetry and public signage. The government has implemented various initiatives to promote Urdu. Awadhi , a dialect belonging to the Hindi dialect continuum , is the native dialect of Lucknow and continues to be spoken in the city’s rural areas and by the urban population in informal settings.

Historically, Lucknow was recognized as a significant center of Muslim culture . Two renowned poets, Mir Babar Ali Anis and Mirza Dabeer , achieved legendary status for their mastery of a unique form of Muslim elegiac poetry called marsiya . This genre centers on the profound sacrifice of Imam Husain during the Battle of Karbala , an event commemorated during the annual observance of Muharram .

The revolutionary figure Ram Prasad Bismil , who was executed by the British, drew considerable inspiration from Lucknow’s culture and referenced its name in his poetry. Surrounding towns such as Kakori, Daryabad, Fatehpur, Barabanki , Barabanki, Rudauli , and Malihabad have been the birthplace of numerous eminent Urdu poets and literary figures, including Mohsin Kakorvi, Majaz , Khumar Barabankvi , and Josh Malihabadi .

Cuisine: The Awadh region boasts a distinct Nawabi-style cuisine, perfected over centuries by skilled Bawarchis (chefs) and Rakabdars (royal chefs) under royal patronage. This led to the development of the art of slow-cooking, or Dum style cooking, which has become synonymous with “Awadhi” cuisine. These chefs enriched the traditional Awadhi feast (dastarkhwaan) with elaborately prepared dishes such as kababs, kormas, kaliya, nahari-kulchas, zarda, sheermal, roomali rotis, and warqi parathas. The most celebrated dishes of the region include biryanis , kebabs , and various types of bread. Kebabs are offered in a multitude of styles, including kakori, galawati, shami, boti, patili-ke, ghutwa, and seekh. Tunday ke kabab restaurants are particularly famous for a unique type of soft kebab developed by a one-armed chef for a Nawab who had lost his teeth. The reputation of Lucknow’s kebabs extends far beyond the local population, attracting visitors from across the country and internationally.

Breads of Lucknow, including Kulcha, Sheermal, and Naan, are a culinary delight. Kachori Sabzi is a traditional Lucknow breakfast.

Lucknow is also renowned for its chaats , street food, kulfi , paan , and an array of traditional sweets. Nahari kulche, a dish prepared with goat meat, is a popular choice among non-vegetarian diners. Sheermal is a distinctive sweet bread dish (paratha) prepared in Lucknow. The city hosts restaurants that are over a century old, alongside numerous high-end dining establishments, bakeries, lounges, and pubs catering to affluent patrons and international travelers.

Festivals: Lucknow celebrates a wide array of Indian festivals with great enthusiasm, including Christmas , Diwali , Durga Puja , Eid , Holi , Raksha Bandhan , and Vijayadashami . Some of the other significant festivals and processions observed in the city include:

• Lucknow Mahotsav : This annual festival is organized to showcase the art and culture of Uttar Pradesh and to promote tourism. It was first staged as part of the South Asian Tourism Year in 1975–76 and has since become an annual event, with occasional exceptions.
• Lucknow Literature Festival: Held annually since 2013 in November, the Lucknow LitFest is recognized as India’s second-largest literature festival, attracting prominent writers and thinkers from around the world.
• Muharram : Lucknow is widely acknowledged as a significant center of Shia Islam and a paragon of Shia culture in India. Muslims observe Muharram, the first month of the Islamic calendar , with solemn mourning for Imam Husain , the grandson of the Islamic prophet Muhammad , culminating on Ashura (the tenth day of the month). Muharram processions in Lucknow hold particular significance, originating during the rule of the Awadh Nawabs. Processions such as Shahi Zarih, Jaloos-e-Mehndi, Alam-e-Ashura, and Chup Tazia were deeply ingrained in the religious fervor of the Shia community until 1977, when the government of Uttar Pradesh banned public Azadari processions. For the subsequent two decades, processions and gatherings were confined to private or community spaces, including Talkatora Karbala, Bara Imambara (Imambara Asifi), Chota Imambara (Imambara Husainabad), Dargah Hazrat Abbas, Shah Najaf, and Imambara Ghufran Ma’ab . The ban was partially lifted in 1997, allowing the Shia community to conduct their first Azadari procession in January 1998. Shias are now permitted to stage nine processions from a registered list of nine hundred.
• Deva Mela: Celebrated during the anniversary of Sufi saint Haji Waris Ali Shah at Dewa, India , located 26 km from Lucknow. The event features devotional Sufi songs (Qawwalis) recited at the Dargah, and devotees offer sheets (Chadars) at the shrines.
• Chup Tazia : This unique procession originated in Lucknow and has since spread to other parts of South Asia. Dating back to the Nawabi era, it was initiated by Nawab Ahmed Ali Khan Shaukat Yar Jung, a descendant of Bahu Begum. It is one of the most significant Azadari processions in Lucknow and one of the nine officially permitted by the government. This solemn procession takes place on the morning of the 8th of Rabi’ al-awwal , the third month of the Islamic calendar, and includes the carrying of alam (flags), Zari, and a ta’zieh (a replica of the mausoleums in Karbala ). It commences from the Imambara Nazim Saheb on Victoria Street and proceeds in complete silence through Patanala before concluding at the Karbala Kazmain, where the large ta’zieh is buried.
• Bada Mangal : Celebrated in May, this festival marks the birthday of an ancient Hanuman temple known as Purana Mandir. Fairs are organized throughout the city during this festival, and ‘Bhandara’ (community feasts) are held on almost every street, offering free food to all passersby, irrespective of their religion. Many members of the Muslim community also participate in organizing these Bhandaras, reflecting the spirit of Ganga Jamuni Tehzeeb.

Dance, Drama, and Music: The classical Indian dance form of Kathak has its origins in Northern India, with Lucknow being a significant center for its development. Wajid Ali Shah, the last Nawab of Awadh, was a great patron and proponent of Kathak. Legendary artists like Lachhu Maharaj , Acchchan Maharaj, Shambhu Maharaj , and Birju Maharaj have diligently preserved and advanced this tradition.

Lucknow is also the ancestral home of the celebrated ghazal singer Begum Akhtar , a pioneer of her genre, known for renditions such as “Ae Mohabbat Tere anjaam pe rona aaya.” The Bhatkande Music Institute University in Lucknow is named after the renowned musician Vishnu Narayan Bhatkhande . The Bhartendu Academy of Dramatic Arts (BNA), also known as Bhartendu Natya Academy, is a prominent theatre-training institute located in Gomti Nagar. It functions as a deemed university and an autonomous organization under the Ministry of Culture, Government of Uttar Pradesh. Established in 1975 by the Sangeet Natak Akademy (Government of Uttar Pradesh), it became an independent drama school in 1977. In addition to government institutions, numerous private theatre groups, including IPTA, Theatre Arts Workshop (TAW), Darpan, Manchkriti, and the youth-focused group Josh, contribute to the city’s vibrant theatre scene.

Lucknow is also the birthplace of notable musicians such as Naushad , Talat Mahmood , Anup Jalota , and Baba Sehgal , as well as the internationally acclaimed British pop singer Sir Cliff Richard .

Lucknow Chikan: Lucknow is celebrated for its intricate embroidery work, including chikankari, zari , zardozi , kamdani, and gota making (gold lace weaving).

Chikankari is an embroidery style renowned throughout India. This 400-year-old art form, in its current manifestation, was refined in Lucknow and remains exclusively practiced in this city. Chikankari involves delicate ‘shadow work’ embroidery using white thread on fine white cotton fabrics like muslin or chiffon. Occasionally, yellowish muga silk is used alongside the white thread. The embroidery is applied to garments such as caps, kurta s, sari s, and scarves. The chikan industry, which gained prominence under the Nawabs, has not only survived but thrived, with approximately 2,500 entrepreneurs engaged in manufacturing chikan garments for local, national, and international markets, making Lucknow a leading exporter of these embroidered items.

In recognition of its unique craftsmanship, the Indian Geographical Indication Registry (GIR) granted Geographical Indication (GI) status to chikankari in December 2008, officially designating Lucknow as the exclusive hub for its production.

Quality of Life

In a survey conducted by IMRB International and LG Corporation , Lucknow was ranked as “India’s second happiest city,” trailing only Chandigarh . It outperformed other major metropolitan cities in India, including New Delhi , Bangalore , and Chennai . The survey highlighted Lucknow’s strengths in areas such as food, public transit, and overall citizen satisfaction.

Education: A Hub of Learning

Lucknow is home to a distinguished array of educational and research institutions, including the prestigious Indian Institute of Management Lucknow (IIM-L), the Indian Institute of Information Technology, Lucknow (IIIT-L), the Central Drug Research Institute (CDRI), the Indian Institute of Toxicology Research , the National Botanical Research Institute (NBRI), the Institute of Engineering and Technology (IET Lko), Dr. Ram Manohar Lohia National Law University (RMNLU), the Institute of Hotel Management, Lucknow (IHM), the Sanjay Gandhi Postgraduate Institute of Medical Sciences (SGPGI), Dr. Ram Manohar Lohia Institute of Medical Sciences , and King George’s Medical University (KGMU). The National P.G. College , affiliated with the University of Lucknow , was ranked second among colleges providing formal education in the country by the National Assessment and Accreditation Council in 2014.

The city hosts seven universities , including the University of Lucknow , Babasaheb Bhimrao Ambedkar University , a technical university (Uttar Pradesh Technical University) , a law university (RMLNLU) , an Islamic university (DUNU) , and numerous polytechnics , engineering institutes, and industrial training institutes. Other research organizations in the state with a presence or connection to Lucknow include the Central Institute of Medicinal and Aromatic Plants , Central Food Technological Research Institute , and the Central Glass and Ceramic Research Institute.

Prominent schools in Uttar Pradesh are located in Lucknow, including branches of Delhi Public School in Eldeco and Indiranagar. Other notable institutions include Lucknow International Public School, City Montessori School , Colvin Taluqdars’ College, Centennial Higher Secondary School, St. Francis’ College , Loreto Convent Lucknow , St. Mary’s Convent Inter College, Kendriya Vidyalaya, Lucknow Public School , Stella Maris Inter College, Seth M.R. Jaipuria School, Lucknow , Cathedral School, Mary Gardiner’s Convent School, Modern School, Amity International School, St. Agnes, Army Public School, Mount Carmel College, Study Hall, Christ Church College, Rani Laxmi Bai School, Central Academy, Study Hall School, and Vidyasthali Kanar Inter College (under the SHEF foundation).

City Montessori School , with its extensive network of over 20 branches across the city, holds the unique distinction of being the only school globally to have received the UNESCO Prize for Peace Education. CMS also holds a Guinness World Record for being the largest school in the world, educating over 40,000 students. The school consistently ranks among the top educational institutions in India.

La Martiniere Lucknow , founded in 1845, is the sole school worldwide to have been awarded a battle honour . It is recognized as one of India’s oldest schools and frequently ranks among the top ten schools in the country. Lucknow also hosts a sports college named Guru Gobind Singh Sports College .

• Indian Institute of Management Lucknow
• Institute of Engineering and Technology, Lucknow
• Indian Institute of Information Technology, Lucknow
• University of Lucknow
• Bhatkhande Sanskriti Vishwavidyalaya
• Babu Banarasi Das University

Minority Institutions and Seminaries: Lucknow hosts several minority educational institutions, including Darul Uloom Nadwatul Ulama , Integral University , Khwaja Moinuddin Chishti Language University , Lucknow Christian College , Shia College, Lucknow , Era University , Era’s Lucknow Medical College , and a satellite campus of Maulana Azad National Urdu University .

Media and Arts: A Cultural Canvas

Lucknow has left an indelible mark on the Hindi film industry , being the birthplace of esteemed poet, dialogue writer, and scriptwriter K. P. Saxena , as well as Suresh Chandra Shukla. The city also produced veteran Bollywood and Bengali film actor [Pahari Sanyal], who hailed from the prominent Sanyal family of Lucknow. Numerous films have utilized Lucknow as their backdrop, including Vinod Kumar’s 1968 film Mere Huzoor , Shashi Kapoor ’s Junoon (1978 film) , Muzaffar Ali’s critically acclaimed Umrao Jaan (1981 film) and Gaman , and Satyajit Ray ’s masterpiece Shatranj ke khiladi . Ismail Merchant ’s Shakespeare Wallah , Paa (film) , the 2022 Hindi feature film Vikram Vedha (2022 film) , and Shailendra Pandey’s JD (film) are among other productions filmed in or around the city. In the film Gadar: Ek Prem Katha , Lucknow was used to represent Pakistan , with locations such as Lal Pul and the Taj Hotel featured. The Rumi Darwaza was a notable setting in Tanu Weds Manu . Portions of films like Ladies vs Ricky Bahl , Bullett Raja , Ishaqzaade , Ya Rab , and Dabangg 2 were also shot in Lucknow or its vicinity. A significant part of the Bollywood movie [Daawat-e-Ishq], starring Aditya Roy Kapur and Parineeti Chopra , was filmed in the city. The Indian TV drama [Baawre], which aired on the Life OK channel, was also set in Lucknow. The government has announced plans to develop two film cities in the capital.

The news channel [Bharat Samachar] is headquartered in Lucknow. Prominent newspaper publications in the city include Amar Ujala , Dainik Jagran , Hindustan Times , The Times of India , and Dainik Bhaskar .

The Pioneer , headquartered in Lucknow and established in 1865, holds the distinction of being the second-oldest English-language newspaper in India still in publication. The country’s first prime minister, Jawaharlal Nehru , founded The National Herald in the city prior to World War II, with Manikonda Chalapathi Rau serving as its editor.

One of the earliest All India Radio stations has been operational in Lucknow since 1938. FM radio transmission commenced in Lucknow in 2000, and the city currently hosts the following FM radio stations:

• Radio City 91.1 MHz
• Red FM 93.5 MHz
• Radio Mirchi 98.3 MHz
• AIR FM Rainbow 100.7 MHz
• Fever 104 FM 104.0 MHz
• Gyan Vani 105.6 MHz (educational)
• AIR FM Vividh Bharti 101.6 MHz
• CMS FM 90.4 MHz (educational)
• Mirchi Love 107.2 FM
• BBDU FM 90.8 MHz (operated by Babu Banarasi Das University)

The mobile application “My Lucknow My Pride” was launched by the district administration of Lucknow around December 2015 to promote and preserve the city’s cultural heritage and encourage tourism.

Sports and Recreation: An Active City

Cricket , association football , badminton , golf , and hockey are among the most popular sports enjoyed in Lucknow.

The primary sports hub is the K. D. Singh Babu Stadium , which also features a swimming pool and an indoor games complex. Plans are underway to upgrade the KDSB stadium, potentially mirroring the standards of the Ekana Stadium, requiring an estimated Rs 2 billion in funding for redesign and international-standard upgrades. Other notable stadiums include the Dhyan Chand Astroturf Stadium, Mohammed Shahid Synthetic Hockey Stadium, Dr. Akhilesh Das Gupta Stadium at Northern India Engineering College, the Babu Banarasi Das UP Badminton Academy in Charbagh, and facilities in Mahanagar, Chowk, and the Sports College near the Integral University .

In September 2017, the Ekana International Cricket Stadium was inaugurated and hosted the 2017–18 Duleep Trophy . On November 6, 2018, the stadium hosted its first T20 international match between the Indian national cricket team and the West Indies cricket team . It ranks as the third-largest cricket stadium in India by capacity, following Kolkata ’s Eden Gardens and Ahmedabad ’s Narendra Modi Stadium . For decades, Lucknow has also been the venue for the prestigious Sheesh Mahal Cricket Tournament.

Lucknow serves as the headquarters for the Badminton Association of India . Established in 1934 and located in Gomti Nagar, the association has been organizing national-level badminton tournaments in India since 1936. The Syed Modi Grand Prix is a prominent international badminton competition held in the city. Junior badminton players receive their training in Lucknow before being advanced to Bangalore for further development.

The Lucknow Race Course, situated within the Lucknow Cantonment, spans 28.42 hectares (0.2842 km²) and boasts India’s longest race track, measuring 3.2 kilometers (2.0 miles). The Lucknow Golf Club is located on the expansive greens of La Martinière College .

The city has produced numerous nationally and internationally acclaimed athletes. The Lucknow sports hostel has nurtured world-class cricketers such as Mohammad Kaif , Piyush Chawla , Suresh Raina , Gyanendra Pandey, Praveen Kumar (cricketer) , and R. P. Singh . Other notable sports personalities include hockey Olympians like K. D. Singh (field hockey) , Jaman Lal Sharma , Mohammed Shahid , and Ghaus Mohammad, a tennis player who became the first Indian to reach the quarter-finals at Wimbledon .

In October 2021, an IPL franchise based in Lucknow was officially established and named the Lucknow Super Giants . The team plays its home matches at the BRSABV Ekana Cricket Stadium .

City-based clubs:

Parks and Recreation: Lucknow boasts numerous parks and recreation areas managed by the Lucknow Development Authority. These include the Kukrail Reserve Forest , Qaisar Bagh , Gomti Riverfront Park, Dr. Ram Manohar Lohia Park, Gomti Nagar , Eco Park, Ambedkar Memorial Park , and Janeshwar Mishra Park, Lucknow , which is recognized as the largest park in Asia . Other recreational spaces include Buddha Park and Hathi Park. These areas feature lush greenery, artificial lakes, India’s longest cycling and jogging tracks, and diverse flora. Plans are also in motion to install a large Ferris wheel within Janeshwar Mishra Park, inspired by the London Eye, offering panoramic city views. Kukrail Picnic Spot, a crocodile-breeding sanctuary located near Indiranagar, is Asia’s largest center for crocodile breeding and, along with a small zoo and ample open space, offers a unique recreational experience.

Sister Cities: Lucknow shares a sister city relationship with Brisbane , Queensland , Australia .

Notable Individuals: A comprehensive list of notable individuals from Lucknow can be found under List of people from Lucknow .

Historical Places: The city is rich in historical sites, including:

• Bara Imambara
• Chhota Imambara
• Imambara Ghufran Ma’ab
• Aminabad
• La Martinière Lucknow
• Isabella Thoburn College
• Qaisar Bagh
• Rumi Darwaza
• Shah Najaf Imambara
• Dargah of Hazrat Abbas
• Dilkusha Kothi
• Karbala of Dayanat-ud-Daulah
• Tomb of Mir Babar Ali Anis
• Imambara Sibtainabad (Maqbara of Amjad Ali Shah )
• Rauza Kazmain
• The Residency, Lucknow
• Usman Enclave, Lucknow
• All Saints Garrison Church, Lucknow
• Alambagh
• Begum Hazrat Mahal Park

See Also: Further related articles include Aastha Hospice & Geriatric Care Centre (2003), Amir-ud-daula Public Library , Fun Republic Mall (Lucknow) , List of cities in India by population , List of million-plus urban agglomerations in India , List of twin towns and sister cities in India , National Bureau of Fish Genetic Resources , and Largest Indian cities by GDP .