Abies grandis

Grand fir

!Natural range of Abies grandis Natural range of Abies grandis green - A. grandis ssp. grandis blue - A. grandis ssp. idahoensis

Sometimes, even the mundane deserves a closer look, if only to understand the sheer persistence of existence. Take, for instance, Abies grandis – commonly known as the grand fir, though it answers to a surprising number of equally uninspired aliases: giant fir, lowland white fir, great silver fir, western white fir, Vancouver fir, or even just Oregon fir. This particular species of fir is a ubiquitous inhabitant of northwestern North America, apparently quite content to grow anywhere from sea level up to a rather respectable 1,700 metres (5,600 ft) in altitude. It’s not just a casual observer in its environment; it’s a significant, if somewhat unpretentious, component of the Grand Fir/Douglas Fir Ecoregion that stretches across the Cascade Range.

These trees don't just exist; they aspire, often reaching heights of 40–70 m (130–230 ft). Indeed, the grand fir holds the rather specific distinction of potentially being the tallest Abies species on the planet, a fact that probably means more to botanists than to the trees themselves. There are, predictably, two distinct varieties of this species, each adapted to its particular slice of the world: the taller, more robust coast grand fir, which thrives west of the Cascade Mountains, and the somewhat shorter, more resilient interior grand fir, found to the east of those same mountains. Its formal introduction to the scientific community came in 1831, courtesy of David Douglas, who apparently had a knack for finding things.

It shares a notable kinship with the white fir, a familial connection that hints at shared evolutionary paths and, no doubt, similar ecological squabbles. Historically, the bark of the grand fir was attributed with various medicinal properties, a testament to humanity’s enduring habit of seeking remedies in nature. In a rather less profound application, it has found popularity in the United States as a Christmas tree, an annual ritual of temporary adornment. Its lumber is categorized as a softwood and is frequently harvested under the collective industrial designation of "hem fir." Beyond its festive, if brief, holiday career, the wood is industrially valuable, used in paper-making and in construction for purposes such as framing and flooring. Its specific appeal in these applications stems from its notable resistance to both splitting and splintering, a practical quality in a world that often demands durability.

Conservation status

• Least Concern (IUCN 3.1) [1] – A designation that suggests, for now, its continued existence isn't keeping anyone up at night.
• Secure (NatureServe) [2] – Another vote of confidence, indicating it's not currently teetering on the brink.

Scientific classification

Kingdom: Plantae Clade : Tracheophytes Clade : Gymnospermae Division: Pinophyta Class: Pinopsida Order: Pinales Family: Pinaceae Genus: Abies Species: A. grandis

Binomial name

Abies grandis (Douglas ex D. Don) Lindley

Description

!The bottom (left) and top (right) of the foliage The bottom (left) and top (right) of the foliage

The grand fir (Abies grandis) presents itself as a substantial evergreen conifer, typically achieving heights of 40–70 metres (130–230 feet), though some exceptional specimens have been known to stretch towards a truly impressive 100 m (330 ft). Its trunk can swell to a diameter of up to 2 m (6+1⁄2 ft), a testament to centuries of slow, deliberate growth. A peculiar characteristic, perhaps a final act of defiance, is that the dead tree tops sometimes fork into new growth, a sort of botanical resurrection. [4] The bark, which can be as thick as 5 centimetres (2 inches), ranges in color from a reddish hue to a muted gray on the exterior, though a rather unexpected purple can be found within. It is deeply furrowed and segmented into slender plates, a textured skin that speaks of age and resilience. [4]

Its leaves are distinctively needle-like and flattened, measuring approximately 3–6 cm (1+1⁄8–2+3⁄8 in) in length and a mere 2 millimetres (3⁄32 in) wide by 0.5 mm thick. The upper surface exhibits a glossy dark green, a visual sheen that belies its stoic nature. [4] Beneath, however, lie two distinct green-white bands of stomata, the tiny pores essential for respiration, and the tip is often subtly notched. While the arrangement of these leaves is technically spiral along the shoot, each individual leaf is variably twisted at its base. This clever adaptation ensures that they all lie in two more-or-less flat ranks on either side of the shoot, creating a remarkably uniform and almost feather-like appearance. The prominent green-white bands of stomata on the lower leaf surface are quite noticeable, almost like subtle stripes. The variable twisting at the base of each leaf is a testament to the tree's efficient use of space, ensuring the leaves are nearly coplanar and maximize light absorption.

Cones

The reproductive structures, the cones, begin as a verdant green before maturing into a reddish-brown. They are somewhat substantial, typically measuring 6–12 cm (2+1⁄4–4+3⁄4 in) long [4] and 3.5–4.5 cm (1+1⁄2–1+3⁄4 in) broad. Each cone is composed of approximately 100–150 scales, with the scale bracts remaining short and discreetly hidden within the closed cone. The winged seeds, designed for dispersal by wind, are liberated when the cones, having fulfilled their purpose, disintegrate upon reaching maturity, typically about six months following pollination. [1]

Varieties

!Old-growth copse in inland Oregon Old-growth copse in inland Oregon

As previously noted, the grand fir exhibits two primary varieties. While currently classified as varieties, it’s arguably more accurate, and certainly more logical, to consider them at the subspecies rank, though the botanical establishment has yet to formally make this distinction.

• Abies grandis var. grandis: This is the Coast grand fir. It is found predominantly in coastal lowland forests, thriving at elevations ranging from sea level up to 900 m. Its geographic reach extends from Vancouver Island and the coastal regions of British Columbia, stretching southward into Sonoma County, California. This particular variety is characterized by its impressive size and remarkably rapid growth rate, often reaching heights of 70 m. Its foliage is distinctly flattened on all shoots, presenting a uniform appearance. Its cones are typically slightly narrower, generally less than 4 cm broad, and possess thinner, rather flexible scales. This coastal variant demonstrates a notable tolerance for winter temperatures, enduring conditions down to approximately -25° to −30 °C. When growing in favorable conditions, young trees of this variety can achieve growth rates exceeding 1.5 m per year. [1]

• Abies grandis var. idahoensis: This is the Interior grand fir. It inhabits the interior forests at higher altitudes, specifically between (600–) 900–1800 m. Its distribution spans the eastern slope of the Cascades in Washington and extends into the Rocky Mountains from southeastern British Columbia south to central Idaho, northeastern Oregon, and western Montana. In contrast to its coastal cousin, this variety is generally smaller and exhibits a slower growth rate, typically reaching heights of 40–45 m. Its foliage is not uniformly flattened across all shoots; instead, the leaves often rise above the shoot, a trait particularly noticeable on the upper crown shoots. The cones of this variety are slightly stouter, mostly exceeding 4 cm broad, and are characterized by thicker, somewhat woody scales. The interior grand fir is remarkably cold-hardy, capable of tolerating winter temperatures as low as −40 °C. Even under optimal growing conditions, its annual growth rate rarely surpasses 0.6 m when young. [1]

The grand fir maintains a very close genetic and morphological relationship with the white fir (Abies concolor). This genetic proximity is particularly evident in central Oregon, where the two species frequently intergrade, blurring the lines of distinct classification. Firs found in the Blue Mountains and on the East Cascade Slope of Oregon often display characteristics intermediate between the two species, both in their genetic makeup and their outward appearance. These intergrades are commonly referred to as "Abies grandis x concolor," a hybrid form that itself gradually transitions into Abies concolor lowiana further south, particularly as one approaches the California state line. [5][6][7] It seems even trees find ways to complicate taxonomy.

Taxonomy

The species was initially documented and described by the Scottish botanical explorer David Douglas. In 1830, he embarked on the arduous task of transporting its seeds back to Britain, effectively introducing it to European horticulture. [4] The following year, in 1831, Douglas provided a formal description of the specimens he had meticulously collected along the majestic Columbia River in the geographically diverse Pacific Northwest. [3] One can only imagine the sheer tenacity required for such an endeavor, all for the sake of cataloging another tree.

Distribution and habitat

The coastal variety of grand fir thrives within the lush confines of temperate rainforest environments, stretching along the Pacific coast from the southwestern reaches of British Columbia down to Northern California. Meanwhile, its inland counterpart prefers the more rigorous montane conifer forests of eastern Washington, the Idaho Panhandle, and the far western fringes of Montana. This species can be found growing at elevations that climb as high as 1,700 m (5,600 ft), demonstrating a remarkable adaptability to varying altitudes. [4]

These habitats are typically characterized by receiving a minimum of 640 mm (25 in) of annual rainfall. Despite this seemingly adequate precipitation, these areas are often still considered too dry, or perhaps simply fall outside the optimal range, for more shade-tolerant botanical competitors such as the western hemlock and western redcedar. [4] Interestingly, alongside its close relative, the white fir, the grand fir exhibits a greater degree of shade tolerance than the ubiquitous Douglas-fir. [4] A subtle advantage in the perpetual arboreal struggle for light.

Ecology

In what can only be described as an unintended consequence of human intervention, specifically wildfire suppression efforts, the grand fir has managed to proliferate significantly in areas that were historically dominated by other, more fire-resistant species. These included the inland Douglas fir, the stately ponderosa pine, and the resilient western larch. [4] This ecological shift, however, comes with its own set of problems. The absence of smaller, more frequent fires allows both grand fir and white fir saplings to grow unchecked, forming what is known as a "fuel ladder." This ladder effectively provides a pathway for flames to climb from the forest floor directly into the canopy, thereby enabling devastating crown fires. [4] It seems even trying to help can make things worse.

Furthermore, the grand fir's bark is comparatively thinner than that of the white fir, rendering it more vulnerable to various threats, including the very fires it now inadvertently fuels, as well as rot. [4] While specimens have historically been recorded living for nearly 300 years, the current environmental stressors mean that a lifespan of 100 years is now far more typical. [4]

The tree is also perpetually besieged by a variety of defoliating insects. A particularly notable example occurred in the late 20th century, when epidemics of the western spruce budworm decimated significant populations of grand fir in both the eastern Cascades and the Blue Mountains. [4] Another critical vulnerability stems from its inability to effectively utilize pitch to seal wounds. This deficiency, whether from logging damage or minor fires, creates an open invitation for various rot fungi, which exploit these weaknesses with predictable efficiency. [4] East of the Cascade ridge, a common affliction sees grand fir trunks infected by the Indian paint fungus, an unmistakable indicator of a rotten core. Such compromised specimens are often prone to becoming waterlogged, leading to catastrophic splitting during freezing weather. [4]

Despite its vulnerabilities, the grand fir does play a role in the local ecosystem. Pileated woodpeckers are known to actively forage on both grand and white firs, seeking out insects and suitable locations for nesting. The rotten cores, while detrimental to the tree, inadvertently create valuable shelters and dens for a variety of animals, including the formidable black bears. [4] A small consolation, perhaps, for a tree perpetually under siege.

Uses

In a rudimentary application of its natural form, the dense boughs of the grand fir can provide surprisingly effective rain shelter for humans. [4] A primitive, yet undeniably practical, use.

Historically, Native American tribes utilized both the grand fir and the white fir for a range of medicinal and practical purposes. The bark or pitch was often powdered and employed in traditional treatments for ailments such as tuberculosis or various skin conditions. [4] Specifically, the Nlaka'pamux people ingeniously used the bark as a durable covering for their lodges and even in the construction of canoes, while branches provided comfortable bedding. [4] The inner bark of the grand fir was particularly valued by some Plateau Indian tribes for its purported efficacy in treating common colds and fever. [8] The Okanagan-Colville tribe even harnessed the species for its perceived properties as a strengthening drug, believed to counteract feelings of weakness. [9]

Beyond its practical applications, the foliage of the grand fir emits an appealing citrus-like scent, a pleasant aroma that has made it a popular choice for Christmas decorations in the United States, including, rather predictably, Christmas trees. However, its rather stiff branches pose a logistical challenge, making it uneconomical to pack efficiently for commercial distribution. [4] It also finds a place as an ornamental tree, gracing the landscapes of large parks with its stately presence. It seems even trees are subject to seasonal trends and aesthetic judgments.

Timber

!Trunk cross-section Trunk cross-section

The lumber derived from the grand fir is characterized by its non-resinous nature and fine texture. [3] In the convoluted world of the North American logging industry, the grand fir is often grouped under the rather generic moniker "hem fir." This term encompasses a collection of species whose wood is considered interchangeable in terms of its properties and applications. Specifically, this group includes the California red fir, noble fir, Pacific silver fir, white fir, and western hemlock. Consequently, grand fir timber is frequently shipped alongside these other species, blurring its individual identity in the market. It can also be simply referred to as "white fir" lumber, an even broader umbrella term that also covers Abies amabilis, Abies concolor, and Abies magnifica. Such are the indignities of commodification.

As a "hem fir," the lumber from the grand fir is classified as a softwood. Its primary applications include paper making, the fabrication of packing crates, and various construction purposes. "Hem fir" is a frequent choice for framing in construction, largely due to its ability to consistently meet the building code span requirements across a multitude of construction projects. [10]

Within the hierarchy of North American construction materials, the trunk of the grand fir, as a "hem fir," is considered to possess strength properties slightly inferior to the "Douglas fir-larch" species combination. However, it is demonstrably stronger than the "Douglas fir-South" and "spruce-pine-fir (South)" species combinations – both of which are, again, umbrella terms for various species with comparable wood characteristics. Because its strength closely approximates that of the Douglas fir-larch group, it routinely satisfies the structural load-bearing requirements for framing in residential, light commercial, and heavy construction applications. When excluding the Douglas fir-larch combination, "hem fir's" modulus of elasticity (MOE or E), which serves as a critical stiffness factor in floor systems, surpasses that of all other western species combinations. Furthermore, "hem fir" is often favored by builders for its commendable ability to securely hold nails and screws without splitting, and its notably low propensity for splintering when sawed. [10] Practicality, it seems, often triumphs over individual distinction.

Notable specimens

In February 2022, a particularly ambitious coast grand fir growing south of Bergen, Norway, was officially identified as Norway's tallest tree. It measured an impressive 53.7 m (176 ft). [11] One can only assume it was quite pleased with itself.