← Back to home← Thermodynamic Potential

Chhattisgarh

You want an article, I gather. Fine. Let's illuminate this corner of the world, shall we? Though why you'd want to spend more time on such details is beyond me. But here we are.

Chhattisgarh

A State in Central India, India, Chhattisgarh exists as a landlocked entity, a geographical quirk nestled in the vastness of the subcontinent. It holds the distinction of being the ninth largest state by area, a substantial mass of land that, despite its size, often seems to glide under the radar. With a population that hovers around the 30 million mark, it is simultaneously the seventeenth most populous, a balance of space and populace that many more congested regions could only dream of, or perhaps dread.

Its borders, like ancient fault lines, trace paths against seven other states: Uttar Pradesh to the north, Madhya Pradesh to the northwest, Maharashtra to the southwest, Jharkhand to the northeast, Odisha to the east, and finally, Andhra Pradesh and Telangana to the south. This intricate web of connections places Chhattisgarh firmly at the geographical heart of the nation, a silent nexus of diverse cultures and landscapes.

Once an integral, if somewhat overlooked, part of Madhya Pradesh, Chhattisgarh finally achieved its own distinct statehood on 1 November 2000. This administrative separation, a relatively recent historical event, saw Raipur designated as its capital, a city tasked with anchoring the aspirations of a newly independent region. The state is not just a modern construct, however; its history stretches back millennia, with architectural marvels like the Bhoramdeo Temple standing testament to its ancient heritage. Its future, at least in planning documents, includes the development of Nava Raipur as a modern, meticulously designed urban center. Natural wonders, like the dramatic Teerathgarh Falls and the majestic Chitrakote Falls, punctuate its landscape, while cultural touchstones such as the towering Ghasidas Jaitkham and the vibrant Bastar Dussehra underscore its unique identity. Furthermore, the Kanger Ghati National Park offers a glimpse into the rich biodiversity that thrives within its borders.

Its official identity is encapsulated in the Emblem of Chhattisgarh, a symbol that, like all such emblems, attempts to distill a complex reality into a few stylized strokes.

Etymology: "Thirty-six forts" Nickname: Rice bowl of India Motto(s): Satyameva Jayate (Sanskrit) – "Truth alone triumphs" Anthem: Arpa Pairi Ke Dhar (Chhattisgarhi) 1 2 – "The Streams of Arpa and Pairi"

Location of Chhattisgarh in India Coordinates: 21°15′N 81°36′E / 21.25°N 81.60°E Country India Region Central India

Chhattisgarh (/ˈtʃætɪsɡɑːr/; Hindi: ˈtʃʰət̪ːiːsgəɽʱ) is a landlocked state in Central India. It is the ninth largest state by area, and with a population of roughly 30 million, the seventeenth most populous. 14 It borders seven states – Uttar Pradesh to the north, Madhya Pradesh to the northwest, Maharashtra to the southwest, Jharkhand to the northeast, Odisha to the east, Andhra Pradesh and Telangana to the south. 15 Formerly a part of Madhya Pradesh, it was granted statehood on 1 November 2000 with Raipur as the designated state capital. 16

The Sitabenga caves in Chhattisgarh, one of the earliest examples of theatre architecture in India, are dated to the Mauryan period of 3rd century BCE. This makes the region a silent witness to the very origins of dramatic performance on the subcontinent, long before anyone thought to call it "Bollywood."

The region was a rather volatile chessboard for rivaling dynasties from the sixth to twelfth centuries, each vying for a slice of its resource-rich lands. Even the formidable Chola dynasty managed to briefly extend its reach into parts of Chhattisgarh in the 11th century, a fleeting dominance in a history marked by constant shifts in power. Ultimately, a significant portion of Chhattisgarh found itself consolidated under the Kingdom of Haihaiyavansi, a rule that, perhaps surprisingly, endured for a remarkable 700 years until the relentless expansion of the Marathas brought them under suzerainty in 1740. The Bhonsles of Nagpur then absorbed Chhattisgarh into the larger Kingdom of Nagpur in 1758, holding sway until 1845. It was then that the East India Company, ever eager to expand its grip, annexed the region, bringing it under the administration of the Raj until 1947 as the Chhattisgarh Division of the Central Provinces. Notably, some areas that now constitute modern-day Chhattisgarh existed as princely states, eventually merging into Madhya Pradesh. The States Reorganisation Act, 1956 formally cemented Chhattisgarh's place within Madhya Pradesh, a union that persisted for 44 years before its eventual, and perhaps inevitable, separation.

Despite its historical complexities and periods of relative obscurity, Chhattisgarh is touted as one of the fastest-developing states in India. 17 Its Gross State Domestic Product (GSDP) is estimated at ₹5.09 lakh crore (US60billion)for2023–24[8](/ChhattisgarhBudgetAnalysis2023−24),witha[percapita](/Percapita)GSDPof[₹](/Indianrupee)152,348(US60 billion) for 2023–24 [8](/Chhattisgarh_Budget_Analysis_2023-24), with a [per capita](/Per_capita) GSDP of [₹](/Indian_rupee)152,348 (US1,800) 8 for the same period. A state undeniably rich in resources, it proudly boasts the third largest coal reserves in the country, effectively fueling the nation with electricity, coal, and steel. 18 19 Furthermore, it claims the third largest forest cover in the country, following only Madhya Pradesh and Arunachal Pradesh, with a staggering 41.21% of its total area blanketed by these vital ecosystems.

Etymology

The origin of the name "Chhattisgarh" is, predictably, not a simple, singular truth. Several theories, like ancient whispers, compete for validation. In antiquity, this region was often referred to as Dakshina Kosala, or "South Kosala," a name that evokes a sense of historical grandeur, famously linked as the native place of Rama's mother, Kausalya. 20 The moniker "Chhattisgarh" itself gained traction later, during the era of the Maratha Empire, making its first official appearance in a document dating back to 1795. 21 Interestingly, the Bastar region, a significant tribal heartland within the state, was previously known by the names Chakrakotya and Cakkarakoṭṭam. 22

The most widely circulated, and perhaps romantically appealing, theory posits that Chhattisgarh derives its name from the "36 ancient forts" (from chhattis meaning thirty-six and garh meaning fort) scattered across the area. 23 24 Proponents of this theory even list the supposed 36 feudal territories: Ratanpur, Vijaypur, Kharound, Maro, Kautgarh, Nawagarh, Sondhi, Aukhar, Padarbhatta, Semriya, Champa, Lafa, Chhuri, Kenda, Matin, Aparora, Pendra, Kurkuti-kandri, Raipur, Patan, Simaga, Singarpur, Lavan, Omera, Durg, Saradha, Sirasa, Menhadi, Khallari, Sirpur, Figeswar, Rajim, Singhangarh, Suvarmar, Tenganagarh and Akaltara. 25 However, the cold, hard facts of history often disappoint, and most historians remain skeptical. The simple reason? A definitive identification of all 36 forts has yet to materialize, leaving this theory more a charming folk tale than a historical certainty.

According to Hiralal's interpretation, the abundance of strongholds in the area gave rise to the name "Chhattisgarh." Curiously, even as the number of these fortifications grew, the name remained fixed, a testament to linguistic inertia or perhaps a stubborn attachment to tradition. This State of India is even bestowed with the honorific 'Mahtari' (Mother), a rather sentimental designation for a geographical entity. citation needed There are two regions in India singled out for such distinctive nomenclature: 'Magadha', which, due to its proliferation of Buddhism viharas, became known as "Bihar"; and 'Dakshina Kosala', which, by this logic, transformed into "Chhattisgarh" because of its purported thirty-six strongholds. citation needed One might wonder if such neat explanations are more about poetic symmetry than historical accuracy.

A more academically favored view, popular among experts and historians, suggests that "Chhattisgarh" is actually a phonetic corruption of "Chedisgarh," which would translate to the "Raj" or "Empire of the Chedis." citation needed This theory links the region to the ancient Chedi dynasty of Kalinga, which was centered in modern Odisha. During the medieval period, extending up to 1803, a significant eastern portion of present-day Chhattisgarh was indeed part of the Sambalpur Kingdom of Odisha, lending a certain weight to this interpretation. It seems history, much like human memory, often prefers a more complex, less straightforward narrative.

History

See also: Sirpur Group of Monuments and Malhar, Chhattisgarh

Ancient and medieval history

The tapestry of Chhattisgarh's ancient history is woven with threads of migrations, tribal dominance, and the rise and fall of empires. During the post-Vedic period, the region southeast of Daśārṇas was known as Pulinda, a name associated with the Pulinda tribe, who held a dominant, if somewhat enigmatic, sway over these lands. 26

Evidence of early civilization and imperial reach can be found in the Surguja District, where coins from the Mauryan and Nanda periods have been unearthed. Further gold and silver coins from these ancient ages, discovered at Akaltara and Thathari in the adjacent Bilaspur district, strongly suggest a significant Mauryan influence extending into Surguja. 27 Another pivotal archaeological site is Sirpur in Chhattisgarh, 28 29 a place of profound historical significance. According to the accounts of the renowned Chinese traveler Hiuen Tsang, Emperor Ashoka himself commissioned the erection of Buddhist stupas in Shripura (modern-day Sirpur), which once served as the ancient capital of Dakshina Kosala. 30

The Sitabenga caves, carved into the Ramgarh hill, stand as one of the earliest, if not the earliest, examples of theatre architecture in India. These ancient structures, dating back to the Mauryan period of the 3rd century BCE, offer a tangible link to a time when performance and communal gathering were etched into stone. 31

[[Jogimara cave inscription, Brahmi script, Chhattisgarh (300–160 BCE).]]

Line 1: Poets venerable by nature kindle the heart, who (.... lost ....)

Line 2: At the swing-festival of the vernal full-moon, when frolics and music abound, people thus tie (....lost...) thick with jasmine flowers.

— Translated by T. Bloch 32

The Jogimara caves are not merely geological formations; they house ancient Brahmi inscriptions and some of the oldest known paintings in India. The inscription itself is a subject of scholarly debate, translated either as a tender love proclamation from a girl or a collaborative artistic endeavor between a dancer and a painter to create a cave theatre. 33 In these ancient epochs, this verdant region was widely recognized as Dakshina Kosala, a name that resonates through the epic narratives of the Ramayana and Mahabharata, further cementing its place in the mythological and historical consciousness of India. Intriguingly, one of the earliest known statues of Vishnu was unearthed from a Shunga period site at Malhar, hinting at the early development of Vaishnavism in the region.

[[Carved statue in the medieval city of Sirpur]] [[6th 7th century Bhima Kichak Temple, Malhar Chhattisgarh India]]

The fertile plains of Chhattisgarh, though not always under direct, heavy-handed rule, were historically influenced by the Mauryas. Following the eventual decline and collapse of the Mauryan Empire, Kharavela of the Mahameghavahana dynasty, whose power base was in the neighboring region of Kalinga, extended his dominion over a significant portion of Dakshina Kosala. Later, in the third century, the Sathavahanas briefly asserted control over Dakshina Kosala, but this was a contested claim, and the region eventually reverted to Megha rule. Mahendra of Dakshina Kosala, believed to be a Megha monarch, was the ruler encountered by Samudragupta during his ambitious Dakshinapatha conquests in the early 4th century CE, a conquest meticulously documented in Gupta inscriptions. Subsequently, the Guptas maintained influence over Chhattisgarh through a system of vassal rulers, sharing a delicate balance of power with the contemporaneous Vakatakas. By the late 5th century CE, the Vakataka ruler Harisena proudly recorded his own conquest of the Dakshina Kosala region, further illustrating the cyclical nature of imperial ambitions.

After the passing of the Vakataka ruler Harisena, a new power emerged: the Rajarsitulyakula dynasty, centered at Arang. These former Gupta feudatories seized the opportunity, briefly ruling the entirety of Dakshina Kosala. They coexisted, often uneasily, with the Nala dynasty, whose stronghold was in the Bastar and Koraput regions. 34 Both these short-lived dynasties were eventually supplanted by the Sharabhpurias in the early 6th century, another group likely originating as former Gupta vassals, establishing their capital at present-day Sirpur. 35 The Panduvanshis of Mekala, who dominated the northern Chhattisgarh plain, and the Panduvamshis of Dakshina Kosala each controlled distinct portions of Chhattisgarh, though their precise chronological relationship remains somewhat shrouded in the mists of time. These kingdoms collectively held sway over the region from the 6th to the 8th centuries CE. 36 There is also some intriguing evidence suggesting that the Somavanshis, who would later achieve prominence in Kalinga, originated from the Panduvanshis of Dakshina Kosala and were dislodged by the ascendant Kalachuris of Tripuri in the late 8th century. 35 The Kalachuris of Tripuri maintained their hold on the region for the subsequent two centuries, eventually carving out their territories in Kosala in the late 10th century to be bestowed upon a vassal branch, who, in a move of self-affirmation, also adopted the name Kalachuris. 37

These vassals, known as the Kalachuris of Ratnapura, declared their independence at the dawn of the 11th century. Their rule was characterized by a constant struggle to defend their authority against challenges from powerful neighboring kingdoms, most notably the Eastern Gangas. The last known successor from this line is recorded in the late 13th century, after which historical records become increasingly scarce, like pages torn from a book. By the early 14th century, it appears the dynasty had fragmented into two distinct branches: one continuing to rule from Ratnapur, and another establishing itself in Raipur. This division is corroborated by inscriptions of King Vahara in the late 15th century, a figure identified with Bahar Sahai in local traditions from the late 18th century. 38 Vahara, a warrior king, famously battled against the Afghans and strategically relocated the capital from Ratnapur to Kosgain. These rulers are now recognized as the Haihaiyavanshis, who, with pragmatic wisdom, acknowledged the nominal overlordship of the Mughals upon their arrival. In the late 14th century, the Bastar region found itself under the dominion of a dynasty that proudly traced its lineage back to Annamaraja, the brother of Prataparudra, the last great Kakatiya king.

The majority of Chhattisgarh was eventually consolidated under the expansive Haihaiyavanshi Kingdom. This powerful entity controlled central Chhattisgarh and held numerous smaller kingdoms like Kanker under its suzerainty, effectively creating a unified, if somewhat loosely governed, realm. 39 40 41 This impressive Haihaiyavanshi rule persisted for an astonishing 700 years, a testament to their political acumen and military strength, until the inevitable expansion of the Marathas led to their invasion in 1740, bringing them under Maratha authority. Chhattisgarh was subsequently directly annexed into the Maratha Nagpur Kingdom in 1758, a decisive event that followed the death of Mohan Singh, who is recorded as the last truly independent ruler of Chhattisgarh. 42 43

Modern history

See also: Chhattisgarh Division

The region now known as Chhattisgarh experienced a significant period under Maratha Rule, specifically the Bhonsles of Nagpur, spanning from 1741 to 1845. This was a time of shifting allegiances and administrative consolidations. With the advent of the British in 1845, Raipur began to eclipse the historical capital of Ratanpur in prominence, a clear indication of changing administrative and strategic priorities. In 1905, a significant redrawing of boundaries occurred: the Sambalpur district was transferred to Odisha, while the princely estates of Surguja were moved from Bengal to Chhattisgarh, further shaping the modern geographical contours of the region.

The area destined to become the new state of Chhattisgarh was merged into Madhya Pradesh on 1 November 1956, under the provisions of the States Reorganisation Act, 1956. It remained a part of that larger state for a considerable 44 years, a period during which its distinct identity simmered beneath the surface. Prior to this, under British rule, the region was part of the Central Provinces and Berar (CP and Berar). It's also worth noting that some areas comprising the present-day Chhattisgarh state were initially princely states under British rule, only to be later absorbed into Madhya Pradesh, a common narrative of post-independence integration. 44

Separation of Chhattisgarh

[[Mantralaya in Nava Raipur]]

The idea, or rather, the demand for Chhattisgarh to become a separate, independent state, first surfaced in the 1920s. Like a recurring dream, similar calls for autonomy reappeared at regular intervals thereafter. However, for many decades, these aspirations lacked the cohesive force of a truly well-organized movement. Various all-party platforms were indeed formed, yet their efforts largely revolved around the predictable avenues of petitions, public meetings, academic seminars, rallies, and strikes. 45 The Raipur Congress unit formally raised the demand in 1924, and the issue even found its way into discussions at the Indian Congress in Tripuri. Conversations began about establishing a dedicated Regional Congress organization specifically for Chhattisgarh. However, when the State Reorganisation Commission was established in 1954, the demand, despite being formally presented, was ultimately rejected. Undeterred, the call for a separate state was reiterated in 1955 within the Nagpur assembly of Madhya Bharat. 45

It was in the 1990s that the demand for Chhattisgarh's statehood truly gained momentum, rising to a prominence that could no longer be ignored. This period saw the formation of a statewide political forum, aptly named the Chhattisgarh Rajya Nirman Manch (Chhattisgarh State Formation Front). Under the leadership of Chandulal Chadrakar, this forum successfully orchestrated several region-wide strikes and rallies, demonstrating a potent, unified voice. Crucially, these efforts garnered support from major political parties across the spectrum, including the Indian National Congress and the Bharatiya Janata Party, signaling a broad consensus for separation. 45

The newly formed National Democratic Alliance government, recognizing the undeniable popular will, initiated the process by sending the Separate Chhattisgarh Bill for approval by the Madhya Pradesh Assembly. In a rare display of political unity, it was unanimously approved, clearing a significant hurdle before being submitted to the Lok Sabha. The bill, having navigated the legislative labyrinth, was subsequently passed in both the Lok Sabha and the Rajya Sabha, paving the way for the creation of the state of Chhattisgarh. K. R. Narayanan, then President of India, gave his formal assent to the Madhya Pradesh Reorganisation Act on 25 August 2000. Following this, the government of India officially declared 1 November 2000 as the day Chhattisgarh would finally be separated from Madhya Pradesh, a date now celebrated as its foundation day. 45 And thus, Chhattisgarh emerged as a distinct entity, carved out from its former parent state. 16

Geography

The geography of Chhattisgarh is a study in contrasts, a landscape sculpted by ancient forces and flowing rivers. The northern and southern extremities of the state are characterized by undulating hills, rugged and often densely forested, while the central expanse unfolds into a remarkably fertile plain. This central plain, a verdant heartland, is the agricultural engine of the state. The highest point within this diverse topography is the Gaurlata peak, majestically rising near Samri in the Balrampur-Ramanujganj district, a silent sentinel over the surrounding landscape. 46 Vast deciduous forests of the Eastern Highlands Forests ecoregion cloak approximately 44% of the state, painting large swathes of the land in shades of green that shift with the seasons. 47

To the north, Chhattisgarh subtly touches the edge of the immense Indo-Gangetic plain, a cradle of civilization. The Rihand River, a significant tributary of the revered Ganges River, diligently drains this northern expanse, carrying its waters towards the larger system. An east–west belt of hills, formed by the eastern extension of the Satpura Range and the western fringes of the Chota Nagpur Plateau, acts as a natural divider, separating the Mahanadi River basin from the aforementioned Indo-Gangetic plain. It is often said that the outline of Chhattisgarh on a map bears a striking resemblance to a sea horse, a charming, if somewhat arbitrary, visual metaphor.

The central, fertile heart of the state lies within the upper basin of the Mahanadi River and its intricate network of tributaries. Among these, the Shivnath River stands out as a major artery, traversing approximately 300 km (190 mi) through the landscape. This region, blessed with abundant water, is the epicenter of extensive rice cultivation, earning Chhattisgarh its well-deserved moniker. The upper Mahanadi basin is geographically distinct, separated from the upper Narmada basin to the west by the Maikal Hills (an integral part of the Satpuras), and from the plains of Odisha to the east by a series of hill ranges. Further south, the state extends onto the Deccan plateau, where its waters contribute to the vast watershed of the Godavari River and its significant tributary, the Indravati River. While the Mahanadi is undeniably the paramount river of Chhattisgarh, other vital waterways include the Hasdeo (another important tributary of Mahanadi), Rihand, Indravati, Jonk, Arpa, and Shivnath, each playing a crucial role in shaping the state's ecology and economy. 48

[[The Mahanadi River, in Chhattisgarh]]

Forest

[[Achanakmar-Amarkantak Biosphere Reserve]]

Chhattisgarh boasts the third largest forest cover by area in India, a verdant expanse that speaks volumes about its ecological significance. The state animal, the majestic van bhainsa, or wild Asian buffalo, roams these forests, a powerful symbol of the region's untamed wilderness. The pahari myna, or common hill myna, with its distinctive call, is the state bird, flitting through the canopy. And standing tall as the state tree is the Sal (Sarai), particularly abundant and revered in the Bastar division, its timber and spiritual significance deeply interwoven with tribal cultures.

[[Shorea robusta, the State Tree of Chhattisgarh]]

As previously noted, Chhattisgarh holds the impressive distinction of having the 3rd largest forest cover in the country. Its geographical position, surrounded by the extensive forests of Madhya Pradesh (which ranks 1st), Odisha (4th), Maharashtra (5th), Jharkhand, and Telangana, effectively creates one of India's largest continuous forest belts, stretching across state boundaries. This interconnected green expanse is not merely a collection of trees; it is a complex ecosystem teeming with life. The state is home to multiple National Parks, Tiger Reserves, and Wildlife Sanctuaries, each a critical bastion for biodiversity. Among these, the Achanakmar-Amarkantak Biosphere Reserve stands out, recognized by UNESCO as a vital Biosphere. This expansive reserve covers a total area of 383,551 hectares (3,835.51 square kilometers; 1,480.90 square miles), 49 a testament to the state's commitment to preserving its natural heritage, or perhaps, simply a stubborn refusal to yield to unchecked human encroachment.

Climate

Chhattisgarh experiences a quintessential tropical climate, a characteristic shaped by its geographical placement. The summers here are predictably hot and humid, a direct consequence of its proximity to the Tropic of Cancer and its profound reliance on the seasonal monsoons for life-giving rains. During the peak summer months, temperatures in Chhattisgarh can soar to a blistering 49 °C (120 °F), 50 a heat that demands respect, or at least a strategic retreat indoors. 51

The much-anticipated monsoon season typically arrives from late June and lingers until October, offering a welcome, albeit often intense, respite from the oppressive summer heat. Chhattisgarh receives an average annual rainfall of 1,292 millimeters (50.9 in), a vital lifeline for its agricultural economy. Following the monsoons, winter descends from November to January, bringing with it pleasant conditions characterized by lower temperatures and a noticeable drop in humidity. While generally mild, some areas, such as Ambikapur, Mainpat, Pendra Road, Samri, and Jashpur, can experience considerably colder conditions, providing a brief, albeit regional, escape from the tropical warmth.

Transport

Roads

The road network in Chhattisgarh, like many developing regions, is a mix of ambition and reality. While the state boasts four-lane or two-lane roads that aim to provide connectivity to its major cities, the reality on the ground can vary. A grand total of 20 national highways are officially designated to pass through the state, collectively measuring an impressive 3,078 km (1,913 mi). However, it's a rather open secret that many of these "national highways" exist primarily on paper, their promised four-lane expansion, let alone six-lane or eight-lane development, often a distant dream. This disparity between official designation and actual infrastructure is a common frustration. These designated routes include:

  • NH 130A New
  • NH 130B New
  • NH 130C New
  • NH 130D New
  • NH 149B New
  • NH 163A New
  • NH 343 New
  • NH 930 New
  • NH 53
  • NH 16
  • NH 43
  • NH 12A
  • NH 78
  • NH 111
  • NH 200
  • NH 202
  • NH 216
  • NH 217
  • NH 221
  • NH 30
  • NH 930 New.

Beyond the national arteries, the state highways and major district roads form another crucial network, extending for an additional 8,031 km (4,990 mi), providing essential connectivity to the more rural and remote corners of Chhattisgarh.

Rail network

[[Bilaspur Junction Railway Station]] [[Raipur Junction railway station]]

The railway network crisscrossing Chhattisgarh predominantly falls under the geographical jurisdiction of the South East Central Railway Zone of Indian Railways. This zone, with its central headquarters in Bilaspur, orchestrates the movement of both goods and people across a significant portion of the state. A remarkable 85% of these tracks are now electrified, a testament to modernization efforts, with the non-electrified segment limited primarily to the 120 km (75 mi) Maroda–Bhanupratappur line, an offshoot of the Durg–Bhanupratappur branch line. The principal railway junctions, serving as vital hubs, are Bilaspur Junction, Durg Junction, and Raipur Junction. Raipur, in particular, acts as a significant departure point for numerous long-distance trains, connecting Chhattisgarh to the broader national network. These three junctions are not only well-connected to major cities across India but also consistently rank among the top 50 booking stations in the country, underscoring their importance. 52

The state holds an impressive, if somewhat industrial, distinction: it records the highest freight loading in the entire country. A staggering one-sixth of the Indian Railway's total revenue originates from Chhattisgarh, a clear indicator of its role as an economic powerhouse, primarily driven by the movement of raw materials. The total length of the rail network within the state is 1,108 km (688 mi), with a third track already commissioned between Durg and Raigarh to further enhance capacity. 53 Several new railway lines are under construction, including the Dalli–Rajhara–Jagdalpur line, the Pendra Road–Gevra Road line, the Raigarh–Mand Colliery to Bhupdeopur line, and the Barwadih–Chirmiri line, all aimed at bolstering connectivity, particularly for industrial purposes. 54 While freight/goods trains predominantly serve the coal and iron ore industries along the crucial east–west corridor (the Mumbai–Howrah route), there remains a noticeable deficit in passenger services connecting the northern and southern regions of Chhattisgarh, a clear imbalance in priorities.

Major railway stations of Chhattisgarh

Air

[[Swami Vivekananda Airport]]

The air infrastructure in Chhattisgarh, though perhaps not as robust as its railway network, is steadily evolving. Swami Vivekananda Airport in Raipur serves as the primary domestic aviation hub, offering crucial connectivity to all major cities across India. Beyond this central facility, smaller airports at Bilaspur, Jagdalpur, and Ambikapur provide regional air services, gradually expanding the state's reach. A rather clever policy decision in 2003, a massive reduction in sales tax on aviation turbine fuel (ATF) from 25% to a mere 4%, played a significant role in stimulating air travel. This strategic move contributed to a sharp and measurable increase in passenger flow, which, between 2011 and November 2012, surged by an impressive 58%. 55 It seems that even in the vastness of India, a little financial incentive can get things off the ground.

Governance

Main articles: Government of Chhattisgarh and Legislative Assembly of Chhattisgarh

The machinery of governance in Chhattisgarh, like any other democratic entity, operates through a structured framework. The State Legislative Assembly is composed of 90 elected members, each representing a constituency and contributing to the legislative process. At the national level, Chhattisgarh sends 11 representatives to the Lok Sabha, the lower house of the Indian Parliament, ensuring its voice is heard in federal decision-making. Additionally, the state is represented by five members in the Rajya Sabha, the upper house, further solidifying its presence in the national political arena.

Administration

Divisions

Chhattisgarh is administratively divided into five distinct divisions, each overseeing a cluster of districts and facilitating regional governance. These divisions serve as crucial intermediary tiers between the state government and the individual districts, streamlining administration and resource allocation.

Within these divisions, the districts are organized as follows:

Districts

Main article: List of districts of Chhattisgarh

[[Districts of Chhattisgarh state in 2020]]

Chhattisgarh is currently composed of 33 districts, a number that has seen recent expansions to streamline administration and bring governance closer to its citizens. 56 Each district serves as a primary administrative unit, complete with its own headquarters and often encompassing several major urban centers. Below is a comprehensive list of these districts, along with their respective headquarters, largest cities, and other significant urban areas:

District Headquarter Largest City Other Major Cities
Raipur Raipur Raipur Arang, Tilda-Neora
Bilaspur Bilaspur Bilaspur Kota (Kargi Road), Bilha
Durg Durg Bhilai Charoda, Kumhari, Patan
Korba Korba Korba Katghora, Dipka, Pali
Raigarh Raigarh Raigarh Kharsia, Gharghora
Rajnandgaon Rajnandgaon Rajnandgaon Dongargarh, Dongargaon
Koriya Baikunthpur Baikunthpur Ramgarh
Surguja Ambikapur Ambikapur Sitapur
Balrampur-Ramanujganj Balrampur Balrampur Ramanujganj
Jashpur Jashpur Nagar Jashpur Nagar Kunkuri, Patthalgaon, Tapkara
Surajpur Surajpur Surajpur Telgaon, Bishrampur
Janjgir–Champa Janjgir Champa Janjgir, Akaltara, Shivrinarayan
Mungeli Mungeli Mungeli Lormi, Takhatpur
Kabirdham Kawardha Kawardha Pandariya, Pandatarai
Bemetara Bemetara Bemetara Nawagarh, Saja
Balod Balod Balod Dalli-Rajhara
Baloda Bazar-Bhatapara Baloda Bazar Bhatapara Simga, Palari, Lawan, Kasdol
Gariaband Gariaband Gariaband Rajim, Deobhog
Mahasamund Mahasamund Mahasamund Saraipali, Bagbahra
Dhamtari Dhamtari Dhamtari Kurud
Bijapur Bijapur Bijapur Sangampal, Kasiguda
Narayanpur Narayanpur Narayanpur Kodenar, Orchha
Kanker Kanker Kanker Bhanupratapur, Pakhanjore
Bastar Jagdalpur Jagdalpur Bastar
Dantewada Dantewada Dantewada Kirandul, Geedam
Kondagaon Kondagaon Kondagaon Keshkal
Sukma Sukma Sukma Tadmetla, Murtonda
Gaurela-Pendra-Marwahi Gaurella Pendra Marwahi, Basti-Bagra, Rajmergarh, Pasan
Manendragarh-Chirmiri-Bharatpur Manendragarh Chirmiri Bharatpur, Khongapani, Jhagrakhand, New Ledri, Janakpur
Mohla-Manpur-Ambagarh Chowki Mohla Ambagarh Chowki Manpur, Chilamtol
Sakti Sakti Sakti Baradwar, Malkharoda
Sarangarh-Bilaigarh Sarangarh Sarangarh Bilaigarh
Khairagarh-Chhuikhadan-Gandai Khairagarh Khairagarh Gandai, Chhuikhadan

Major cities

Main article: List of cities in Chhattisgarh

[[Largest cities in Chhattisgarh by population]]

  • (2011 Census of India estimate) 57
Rank City District Population
1 Raipur Raipur 1,010,087
2 Bhilai-Durg Durg 1,003,406
3 Bilaspur Bilaspur 717,030
4 Korba Korba 365,253
5 Ambikapur Sarguja 214,575
6 Rajnandgaon Rajnandgaon 163,122
7 Raigarh Raigarh 150,019
8 Jagdalpur Bastar 125,463
9 Chirmiri Koriya 103,575
10 Dhamtari Dhamtari 101,677
11 Mahasamund Mahasamund 54,413

Economy

  • Economy of Chhattisgarh
  • Statistics
    • GDP ₹6.359 lakh crore (US$75 billion) (2025–26 est.) 8
    • GDP rank 17th
    • GDP growth 8% (2020–21) 8
    • GDP per capita ₹152,348 (US$1,800) (2023–24) 8
    • GDP by sector
      • Agriculture 32%
      • Industry 32%
      • Services 36% (2023–24) 8
  • Public finances
    • Government debt 23.8% of GSDP (2023–24 est.) 8
    • Budget balance ₹−17,461 crore (US$−2.1 billion) (3.33% of GSDP) (2023–24 est.) 8
    • Revenues ₹106,301 crore (US$13 billion) (2023–24 est.) 8
    • Expenses ₹121,495 crore (US$14 billion) (2023–24 est.) 8
  • All values, unless otherwise stated, are in US dollars.

Chhattisgarh's nominal gross state domestic product (GSDP) is projected to reach ₹5.09 lakh crore (US$60 billion) in 2023–24, solidifying its position as the 17th largest state economy in India. The state's economy has demonstrated a commendable growth rate of 11.2% in 2023–24, 8 a figure that, on paper, suggests a dynamic trajectory. The supposed "success factors" underpinning this high growth rate are attributed to robust performances in both agriculture and industrial production. While these numbers are presented with an air of triumphant progress, one might observe that sustained, equitable development often requires more than just raw economic expansion; it demands a deeper engagement with the realities on the ground, a task often left unfulfilled even in the most "fast-developing" of regions.

[[Dumper trucks at the Gevra Open Cast Mine]] [[NTPC Korba Power Plant - panoramio]]

Agriculture

Agriculture, as is often the case in states with deep rural roots, remains the principal economic occupation of Chhattisgarh. According to official government estimates, the net sown area across the state spans an impressive 4.828 million hectares, with the gross sown area extending to 5.788 million hectares. 58 Beyond staple crops, horticulture and animal husbandry also engage a significant portion of the state's total population, forming integral components of the rural economy. 59 Given that approximately 80% of Chhattisgarh's populace resides in rural areas, it is hardly surprising that the primary livelihood for these villagers revolves around agriculture and the myriad small-scale industries that spring from it.

However, this reliance on agriculture is often coupled with a rather stubborn adherence to traditional methods of cultivation. This perpetuates a cycle of low growth rates and, consequently, diminished productivity. The urgent need, therefore, is to bridge the knowledge gap, to make farmers aware of modern technologies and practices that are not only suitable but also economically viable for their specific landholdings. Providing adequate and accessible knowledge to these farmers is not merely a suggestion; it is an essential prerequisite for the effective implementation of agricultural development plans and, crucially, for the improvement of overall productivity. 60

Considering this pervasive reliance on traditional methods, coupled with a strikingly limited irrigated area, the productivity of not only rice but also other vital crops remains stubbornly low. As a direct consequence, farmers often struggle to derive substantial economic benefits from their labor, leaving agriculture largely as a subsistence activity rather than a pathway to prosperity. This is not merely an economic statistic; it is a lived reality for millions.

  • [[Chloroxylon is used for pest management in organic rice cultivation in Chhattisgarh]]
  • [[Medicinal rice of Chhattisgarh used as an immune booster]]
  • [[Aloe vera farming in Chhattisgarh]]
  • [[Herbal farming in Chhattisgarh: Gulbakawali]]

Agricultural products

The primary agricultural staples of Chhattisgarh are unequivocally rice, maize 61, kodo-kutki, and other smaller millets, alongside pulses such as tuar 62 and kulthi. Beyond these, various oilseeds, including groundnuts (peanuts), soybeans 63, and sunflowers, are also cultivated. In the mid-1990s, a significant majority of Chhattisgarh remained a monocrop belt, a rather precarious agricultural strategy. Only about one-fourth to one-fifth of the total sown area was double-cropped, a stark imbalance. When such a substantial portion of the population is dependent on agriculture, a situation where nearly 80% of a state's arable land is dedicated to a single crop demands immediate and decisive attention. The imperative is clear: these areas need to be transformed into double-cropped regions. Furthermore, the cultivation of cash crops in Chhattisgarh has historically been minimal, highlighting a pressing need to diversify agricultural produce towards more lucrative oilseeds and other cash crops. Despite these challenges, Chhattisgarh proudly bears the title of the "rice bowl of central India," 58 a testament to its prodigious rice production, even if that bounty is often hard-won.

  • [[Kodo Millet is used as a life-saving medicine in Chhattisgarh]]
  • [[Bastar beer prepared from Sulfi]]

Irrigation

[[Amritdhara chirimiri]]

In Chhattisgarh, rice, the undisputed king of crops, occupies approximately 77% of the net sown area. Yet, a rather grim reality persists: only about 20% of this vast agricultural expanse benefits from irrigation, leaving the remaining majority at the mercy of the erratic monsoon rains. When examined across its three distinct agroclimatic zones, the figures are even more telling: roughly 73% of the Chhattisgarh plains, a staggering 97% of the Bastar plateau, and 95% of the northern hills are entirely rainfed. The irrigated area available for double cropping is a meager 87,000 hectares in the Chhattisgarh plains and an even more minuscule 2,300 hectares across the Bastar plateau and northern hills. This profound lack of reliable water supply directly translates into low productivity for rice and other crops, effectively preventing farmers from reaping economic benefits and perpetuating a system of subsistence agriculture, even though it remains the primary occupation for over 80% of the population. 60

In the Chhattisgarh region, as of 1998–99, only about 22% of the net cropped area was under irrigation, a stark contrast to Madhya Pradesh's 36.5% and the national average of approximately 40%. The extent of irrigation within Chhattisgarh itself is highly variable, ranging from a paltry 1.6% in Bastar to a more robust 75.0% in Dhamtari. Based on average growth trends, only about 0.43% of additional area is brought under irrigation each year, a glacial pace when compared to Madhya Pradesh's 1.89% and the national average of 1.0%. This sluggish expansion means that, at the current rate, it would take an estimated 122 years for Chhattisgarh to achieve a 75% level of net irrigated area. 60 It seems the state is in a marathon, but without enough water to hydrate its runners.

Chhattisgarh's irrigation system is, by many accounts, limited, relying on a scattering of dams and canals along its rivers. With an average annual rainfall of around 1,400 mm (55 in), the entire state falls within the rice agroclimatic zone. However, significant variations in yearly rainfall directly impact rice production, making water security a paramount concern. Irrigation is undeniably the prime necessity for the state's comprehensive development, a fact acknowledged by the state government, which has ostensibly given top priority to its expansion. 58

As of 31 March 2006, a total of four major, 33 medium, and 2,199 minor irrigation projects had been completed, while five major, nine medium, and 312 minor projects were reportedly under construction. needs update One can only hope these numbers have progressed beyond mere blueprints in the intervening years.

Industrial sector

Power sector

Chhattisgarh stands out as one of the few states of India where the power sector has been developed with a notable degree of effectiveness. This is not merely a boast; based on its current production of surplus electric power, the state finds itself in a comfortable and, more importantly, profitable position. The Chhattisgarh State Electricity Board (CSEB) is not only robust enough to meet the state's internal electricity requirements but also enjoys good financial health, a rarity in the often-beleaguered public utility sector. According to the Central Electricity Authority (CEA), Chhattisgarh is a net exporter of electricity, generously providing power to several other states due to its substantial surplus production. 64

Within Chhattisgarh, the National Thermal Power Corporation Limited (NTPC) operates significant facilities, including the Sipat Thermal Power Station with a capacity of 2,980 MW at Sipat, Bilaspur; the LARA Super Thermal Power Station boasting a nameplate capacity of 1,600 MW; and the formidable Korba Super Thermal Power Station with a capacity of 2,600 MW, located in Korba. Complementing these national giants, the CSEB's own units contribute a thermal capacity of 1,780 MW and a hydel (hydroelectric) capacity of 130 MW. Beyond these public and semi-public entities, a growing number of private generation units, both large and small, have emerged. The state government, with a rather liberal policy towards captive generation, has actively encouraged this private sector participation, resulting in a proliferation of independent power producers. 65

The state possesses an immense, largely untapped potential for power generation, estimated at an additional 61,000 MW of thermal power, underpinned by coal reserves projected to last for over a century. Furthermore, it holds a potential for more than 2,500 MW of hydel capacity. To harness this vast potential, substantial additions to the existing generation capacity are not merely planned but are already actively underway, ensuring Chhattisgarh's continued role as a power hub for the nation. 65

Steel sector

The steel industry stands as one of the most significant heavy industries anchoring Chhattisgarh's economy, a testament to its rich mineral endowment. The colossal Bhilai Steel Plant, operated by SAIL, with an impressive capacity of 5.4 million tonnes per year, is not just a factory; it is widely regarded as a critical barometer of the state's industrial growth and overall economic health. Beyond Bhilai, a veritable constellation of industrial centers has emerged, with over 100 steel rolling mills, 90 sponge iron plants, and numerous ferro-alloy units now spread across Chhattisgarh. Today, cities like Jagdalpur, Raipur, Bilaspur, Korba, and Raigarh have collectively transformed into a formidable steel hub. Indeed, Raipur and Jagdalpur have solidified their positions as central nodes within the steel sector, forming what is recognized as one of the biggest steel markets in India. 66

Aluminium sector

The aluminium industry in Chhattisgarh found its foundational roots with the establishment of the erstwhile Bharat Aluminium Company (BALCO), now operating under Vedanta Resources, in Korba, Chhattisgarh. This facility, boasting a substantial capacity of approximately 5,700,000 tonnes each year, represents a significant pillar of the state's industrial landscape, converting raw bauxite into a vital modern metal. 66

Natural resources

The sheer scale of natural resource extraction in Chhattisgarh is staggering, a testament to its geological bounty. The Gevra, Dipka, and Kusmunda open-cast coal mines in Korba are not just among the largest in India; they are so immense that they constitute the biggest man-made structures visibly discernible in satellite images of the country. This is not progress; it's an indelible mark on the planet. Major coal companies such as SECL, Adani, and Jindal operate a multitude of coal mines across the northeastern parts of Chhattisgarh, relentlessly extracting the black gold that fuels the nation's energy demands.

Central India Coalfields

The Central India Coalfields, a vast geological treasure trove, stretch across the districts of Surguja and Koriya in Chhattisgarh, extending into Shahdol and Umaria in Madhya Pradesh. This expansive group of coalfields covers an area of approximately 5,345 square kilometers (2,064 sq mi) and holds estimated reserves of a colossal 15,613.98 million tonnes. The coal deposits are found at depths ranging from 0 to 1,200 meters, meaning that extraction primarily relies on underground mining techniques, save for a few blocks in the eastern part of these coalfields that present potential for opencast mining. 67

The Jhilimili Coalfield, situated in the Surguja district, encompasses an area of 180 square kilometers (69 sq mi). Its estimated total reserves are 215.31 million tonnes, with roughly half of this quantity indicated as Grade I coal, signifying higher quality. 68 According to the meticulous assessments of the Geological Survey of India, the total reserves of non-coking coal (up to a depth of 300m) in the Jhilimili Coalfield amounted to 267.10 million tonnes as of 1 January 2004. 69

The Sonhat coal field represents another significant reservoir, recognized as one of the largest coal reserves in India, boasting estimated reserves of 2.67 billion tonnes of coal. 70

Similarly, the Bisrampur coal field holds its own as one of India's largest coal reserves, with estimated reserves of 1.61 billion tonnes of coal. 70

The Chirimiri Coalfield is strategically located within the valley of the Hasdeo River, a vital tributary of the Mahanadi. This coalfield commenced operations in 1930, with production officially beginning in 1932. Over its history, it has been owned and managed by a succession of companies and individuals, including Chirimiri Colliery Company Pvt. Ltd., Dababhoy's New Chirimiri Ponri Hill Company (Private) Limited, United Collieries Limited, K.N. Dhady, and Indra Singh & Sons (Private) Limited. These operations were eventually nationalized in 1973. citation needed This particular coalfield extends over 125 square kilometers (48 sq mi) of hilly terrain, incorporating both the Kurasia and Chirimiri sections. The total reserves within the Chirimiri coalfield have been estimated at approximately 312.11 million tonnes. 71 72 Further data from the Geological Survey of India indicates that non-coking coal reserves up to a depth of 300m in the Chirimiri Coalfield stood at 362.16 million tonnes. 73

South Chhattisgarh coalfields

The South Chhattisgarh Coalfields comprise a crucial triumvirate of coal-rich areas: the Mand Raigarh, Korba, and Hasdo Arand coalfields. Within the Mand Valley, which alone contains at least twelve seams, the Mand and Taraimar seams are particularly significant for their quality and quantity. 74

The Mand Raigarh Coalfield, which consolidates areas previously known as North Raigarh, South Raigarh, and Mand River Coalfields, is situated in the Raigarh district. It lies primarily within the valley of the Mand River, a notable tributary of the Mahanadi. This extensive coalfield spans an area of 520 square kilometers (200 sq mi) and holds substantial potential for the mining of power-grade coal, much of which is amenable to extraction through efficient open-cast mining methods. Notably, the Gare block within this field has been specifically identified and allocated for captive mining operations by private companies, underscoring its economic importance. 75 76

According to the comprehensive assessments by the Geological Survey of India, the total reserves of non-coking coal (encompassing proved, indicated, and inferred reserves) in the Mand Raigarh Coalfield amount to a staggering 18,532.93 million tonnes. Of this immense quantity, 13,868.20 million tonnes are accessible up to a depth of 300 meters, with an additional 4,569.51 million tonnes located at depths between 300 and 600 meters, and a further 95.22 million tonnes found at depths ranging from 600 to 1,200 meters. 77 Such figures paint a clear picture of the vast subterranean wealth that underpins Chhattisgarh's industrial prowess.

  • [[Mineral deposits in the Maikal Hills]]
  • [[Mineral Wealth from Chandidongri]]

Mineral deposits

Chhattisgarh's geological makeup is exceptionally rich, making it a veritable treasure trove of minerals. The state contributes a significant 50% to the country's total cement production, a testament to its abundant reserves of limestone. Due to its strategic proximity to the western States of India like Maharashtra and Gujarat, it hosts some of the highest-producing coal mines in India. Indeed, Chhattisgarh leads the nation in coal output, holding the second-highest reserves overall. It ranks third in iron ore production and, uniquely, is the primary, if not sole, producer of tin in India. Beyond these industrial staples, limestone, dolomite, and bauxite are found in copious quantities, forming the bedrock of several key industries. It is, notably, the only tin ore-producing state in India, giving it a distinct economic edge. Other minerals commercially extracted from its soil include corundum, garnet, quartz, marble, alexandrite, and even diamonds, adding a touch of glittering luxury to its raw industrial wealth.

The Rowghat iron ore deposits, strategically located in the Antagarh Tahsil of Kanker district, are of immense national significance. These deposits contain the largest reserves of iron ore in the state, second only to the colossal Bailadila Iron Ore Mine. The reserves at Rowghat Mines have been meticulously assessed at 731.93 million tonnes, a substantial figure that complements Bailadila's even larger assessed reserves of 1.343 billion tonnes. 78 The discovery of iron ore deposits in Rowghat dates back to 1899, with further comprehensive investigations conducted by the Geological Survey of India in 1949, solidifying its importance. 79 The Rowghat deposit is situated approximately 29 km (18 mi) north-northwest of Narayanpur and about 140 km (87 mi) from Jagdalpur, making its logistical access a key consideration. The iron (Fe) content varies across its various blocks, with A Block boasting 62.58% Fe, B Block 50.29% Fe, C Block 57.00% Fe, D Block 60.00% Fe, E Block 52.93% Fe, and F Block 59.62% Fe. This variability necessitates precise extraction and processing strategies to maximize value.

Information and technologies

In recent years, Chhattisgarh has, perhaps somewhat surprisingly, found itself drawn into the orbit of information technology (IT) projects and consultancy. The state government, with a commendable, if slightly belated, recognition of the digital age, is actively promoting IT development. To spearhead these efforts, it has established a dedicated body, known as CHiPS (Chhattisgarh Infotech Promotion Society). This organization is tasked with overseeing and implementing large-scale IT projects, such as Choice and Swan, among others, aiming to integrate modern technological solutions into governance and public services. It seems even the most resource-rich states eventually realize that the future isn't just about digging things out of the ground.

Major companies

A diverse array of major companies, both national and international, have established a significant presence in Chhattisgarh, leveraging its rich natural resources and burgeoning industrial landscape. These corporations drive substantial economic activity and employment within the state.

Exports

Chhattisgarh's total exports, while not dominating global markets, registered at US$353.3 million in 2009–10, indicating a growing, albeit nascent, participation in international trade. A substantial proportion, nearly 75% of these exports, originates from the industrial powerhouse of Bhilai, with the remaining contributions coming from Urla, Bhanpuri, and Sirgitti. The primary products making their way out of the state include essential industrial commodities such as steel, iron, aluminum, and cement, alongside a range of minerals and engineering products. Additionally, the state exports handicrafts, handlooms, blended yarn, and various food and agri-products, showcasing a diverse, if still developing, export basket. The Chhattisgarh State Industrial Development Corporation Limited (CSIDC) serves as the nodal agency of the government of Chhattisgarh, specifically tasked with the promotion and facilitation of export activities within the state, attempting to carve a larger niche for Chhattisgarh's products on the global stage.

Media

The print media landscape in Chhattisgarh is dominated by several mainline publications, offering news and perspectives to its populace. These include prominent Hindi dailies such as Hari Bhoomi 80, Dainik Bhaskar, Patrika, Navabharat, and Nai Duniya. These newspapers, much like the broader media ecosystem, serve as vital conduits for information, shaping public discourse and reflecting the diverse narratives within the state.

Human Development Indicators

HDI

As of 2018, Chhattisgarh state recorded a Human Development Index (HDI) value of 0.613, placing it in the "medium" human development category. This ranking, at 31st among Indian states and union territories, positions it below the national average of 0.647, according to data from Global Data Lab. 81 While a "medium" classification might sound acceptable on paper, it often masks significant internal disparities and persistent challenges that require more than just a passing glance at statistics.

Standard of living

The standard of living in Chhattisgarh, much like a poorly balanced scale, is characterized by extreme disparities. Urban centers such as Durg, Raipur, Bhilai, and Bilaspur exhibit a medium to high standard of living, complete with modern amenities and opportunities that mirror, if not quite rival, other major Indian cities. Yet, a stark contrast exists in the vast rural and forested areas, where even the most basic resources and amenities are often conspicuously absent. This dichotomy is sharply illustrated by literacy rates: Bhilai, a relatively developed urban hub, boasts an impressive literacy rate of 86%, while the more remote and tribal-dominated Bastar region struggles with a significantly lower rate of 54%. 82

Raipur, the designated capital of Chhattisgarh, is frequently lauded as one of the fastest-developing cities in India. 83 Furthermore, Atal Nagar (formerly known as Naya Raipur), a meticulously planned new city, is being actively promoted as the future financial hub of the Central Indian region. Here, new world-class educational institutions and hospitals have already been established, aiming to create an enclave of modernity and progress. 84 85

According to the NITI Aayog's Fiscal Health Index 2025, Chhattisgarh has managed to secure an unexpected second rank with a score of 55.2. 86 One might wonder what metrics are truly being prioritized when assessing "fiscal health," and whether such high rankings genuinely translate into improved living conditions for all its citizens, or merely reflect a selective prosperity.

Education Index

[[School children in Chhattisgarh]]

Chhattisgarh's Education Index, as per the 2011 NHDR, stands at 0.526, a figure that, while modest, is notably higher than that of states like Bihar, Jharkhand, Uttar Pradesh, and Rajasthan. The average literacy rate for urban regions in Chhattisgarh was recorded at 84.05%, with male literacy at 90.58% and female literacy at 73.39%. The total number of literate individuals in the urban areas of Chhattisgarh reached 4,370,966. citation needed

However, these aggregate numbers often conceal deeper, more troubling realities. Among marginalized groups, particularly Scheduled Tribes (STs), educational attainment plummets, consistently placing them at the bottom of the rankings. This stark disparity underscores a persistent lack of social development within the state. The districts of Bastar and Dantewada in south Chhattisgarh exemplify this challenge, recording the lowest literacy rates and the highest dropout ratios among all districts. The most significant contributing factor to this educational crisis is the pervasive and often extreme poverty that afflicts these rural areas, creating a cycle of deprivation that is difficult to break.

Organizations like the Ramakrishna Mission Asharama Narainpur are actively engaged in serving the tribal communities in the remote Abujhmad jungle region of Chhattisgarh, striving for their upliftment and providing essential educational opportunities. 87

As per the 2011 census, the state had a population of 25.5 million. At that time, it possessed six medical colleges (five government-run and one private), collectively offering an intake capacity of 700 students. This translated to a doctor-patient ratio of 1:17,000, a figure that, even then, highlighted significant gaps in healthcare provision. 88 In a more recent assessment, the NITI Aayog's Health Index report, titled "Healthy States, Progressive India," assigned Chhattisgarh an index score of 52.02 out of 100. This places it in a relatively better position compared to states such as Madhya Pradesh, Haryana, Rajasthan, Odisha, Bihar, Assam, and Uttar Pradesh. 89

Despite the implementation of various health-related schemes and programs, several key health indicators remain concerningly poor. These include the percentage of women with a Body Mass Index (BMI) below 18.5, the Under Five Mortality Rate, and the prevalence of underweight children. This persistent underperformance is often attributed to the inherent difficulties in accessing remote and isolated areas within the state, where healthcare services struggle to reach those most in need. The prevalence of female malnutrition in Chhattisgarh, for instance, is higher than the national average, with a sobering half of all Scheduled Tribe (ST) females suffering from malnourishment. While the performance of Scheduled Castes (SCs) is marginally better than both the corresponding national and state averages, the Under Five Mortality Rate among STs remains significantly higher than the national average, a stark reminder of the deep-seated health inequities that continue to plague the state.

Net state domestic product

Chhattisgarh stands as one of the emerging states exhibiting relatively high growth rates in its net state domestic product (NSDP). Between 2002 and 2008, its NSDP grew at an impressive 8.2%, surpassing the All India average of 7.1%. Similarly, its per capita NSDP growth rate of 6.2% also outstripped the national average of 5.4% during the same period. These figures, on the surface, suggest that Chhattisgarh is indeed making strides and "catching up" with other states in terms of economic expansion. However, a closer look reveals a persistent challenge: despite these encouraging growth rates, the state still grapples with very low levels of per capita income when compared to many of its counterparts. Economic growth, it seems, is not always synonymous with widespread prosperity.

Urbanisation

Of Chhattisgarh's total population, a relatively modest 23.24% reside in urban regions. This translates to an urban population of 5,937,237 individuals, comprising 3,035,469 males and 2,901,768 females. The state’s urban landscape is dotted with several significant towns and cities, acting as centers of commerce, industry, and administration. These include Raipur, Durg, Bhilai Nagar, Bilaspur, Korba, Jagdalpur, Rajnandgaon, Ambikapur, and Raigarh, each contributing to the evolving urban fabric of Chhattisgarh. 90

Sex ratio

Chhattisgarh exhibits one of the most balanced sex ratios in India, with 991 females per 1,000 males, placing it at the fifth position among the states. This figure is particularly noteworthy given Chhattisgarh's status as the 10th-largest state in India, suggesting a unique demographic characteristic. The child sex ratio also reflects this balance, standing at 964 females per 1,000 males (Census 2011), further underscoring a relatively healthier gender balance compared to many other regions in the country.

Fertility rate

As of 2017, Chhattisgarh recorded a fairly high fertility rate of 2.4, which is above the All India average of 2.2 and significantly exceeds the replacement rate of 2.1. This higher fertility is predominantly driven by its rural areas, which report a rate of 2.6, contrasting with an urban fertility rate of 1.9. This divergence highlights demographic trends often seen in states with a substantial rural population, where traditional norms and limited access to family planning resources can contribute to higher birth rates.

SC and ST population

With the exception of the geographically distinct hilly states of the north-east, Chhattisgarh harbors one of the highest proportions of Scheduled Tribe (ST) populations within a single state, accounting for approximately 10% of all STs in India. Scheduled Tribes constitute a significant 30.62% of Chhattisgarh's total population. These tribal communities form an integral part of the state's demographic fabric and predominantly inhabit the dense, often remote, forests of Bastar and other districts across south Chhattisgarh. The percentage increase in the population of these scheduled tribal groups during the 2001–2011 decade was recorded at a rate of 18.23%. Meanwhile, the Scheduled Caste (SC) population of Chhattisgarh, as per the 2001 census, stood at 2,418,722, comprising 11.6% of the total population (20,833,803). By 2011, the proportion of Scheduled Castes had increased to 12.8%, indicating a steady demographic shift.

Poverty

[[Tendu Patta (Leaf) collection in Chhattisgarh, India.]]

The incidence of poverty in Chhattisgarh is, to put it mildly, alarmingly high. According to estimates for 2004–05, based on uniform reference period consumption, the poverty ratio hovered around 50%, a figure roughly double the all-India level. What makes this particularly stark is that the incidence of poverty in both rural and urban areas is almost indistinguishable, suggesting a pervasive economic challenge that transcends geographical divides within the state.

More than half of the rural Scheduled Tribes (STs) and urban Scheduled Castes (SCs) in Chhattisgarh live below the poverty line. Generally, the proportion of poor SC and ST households in the state is higher than the state average itself, and, with the exception of rural SC households, also exceeds their respective national averages. Given that over 50% of the state's population comprises STs and SCs, this high incidence of income poverty among them is not merely a statistic but a matter of profound concern, signaling deep-seated structural issues.

This persistent poverty among marginalized groups indicates that the state's much-vaunted "good economic performance" in recent years has, quite clearly, failed to trickle down to these socially deprived communities. This failure is starkly reflected in their consistently poor performance across various human development indicators, highlighting a fundamental disconnect between economic growth figures and actual human well-being.

Access to drinking water

In terms of access to improved drinking water sources, Chhattisgarh has, at an aggregate level, demonstrated a performance that is ostensibly better than the national average. Furthermore, the Scheduled Castes (SCs) within the state have shown better access than their counterparts at the corresponding national average. Scheduled Tribes (STs) are marginally below the state average, yet still manage to fare better than STs at the all-India level.

In 2008–09, the proportion of households enjoying access to improved sources of drinking water reached 91%. This impressive proportion was also observed in other states like Bihar, Madhya Pradesh, and Uttar Pradesh, largely because over 70% of households in these regions relied on tube wells/hand pumps as their primary source of drinking water. While these numbers suggest a success story, one might ponder the true quality and reliability of these "improved" sources, and whether mere access translates into genuinely safe and sufficient water for all.

Sanitation

Sanitation facilities in Chhattisgarh were, until recently, abysmally low, with only about 41% of households having access to toilet facilities before the launch of the Swachh Bharat Mission by the Government of India. However, the state has since demonstrated remarkable progress. The urban areas of Chhattisgarh proudly attained the status of "open defecation free" on 2 October 2017, and its rural areas have since achieved an impressive 90.31% sanitation coverage. What truly distinguishes Chhattisgarh from many other states of India is its innovative approach to fostering behavioral change as a prerequisite for achieving open defecation-free status. Here, individuals are not immediately granted toilet incentives before the construction of toilets; instead, they are encouraged to build the toilet using their own resources. Only after demonstrating consistent usage of the toilet for a period of three months do they become entitled to receive the incentive amount. 91 This strategy, while perhaps a touch demanding, seems to have yielded tangible results.

In 2020, Chhattisgarh further cemented its reputation by winning the title of the cleanest state among those with more than 100 Urban Local Bodies, an accolade announced by the Minister for Housing and Urban Affairs, Hardeep Singh Puri, following the 'Swachh Survekshan 2020' survey. 92 This commendable performance continued into 2023, where Chhattisgarh secured the third rank in the 'Best Performing States' category in the Swachh Survekshan Awards-2023. 93 It appears that even in the realm of waste management, a clear strategy can, surprisingly, triumph over apathy.

Teledensity

A decade ago, around 2010, teledensity (telephone density) figures across states revealed a stark digital divide. Chhattisgarh, along with Jharkhand, recorded teledensity below 10%, a clear reflection of limited access to telephones in these relatively poorer states. However, the relentless march of new technology has, predictably, altered this landscape. By 2017, Chhattisgarh's teledensity had surged to 68.08%, a significant improvement that underscores the rapid expansion of telecom infrastructure and accessibility. This stands in sharp contrast to states like Delhi and Himachal Pradesh, or metropolitan hubs such as Kolkata, Mumbai, and Chennai, where teledensity had already surpassed 100% by 2010, implying that individuals often possessed more than one telephone connection. The digital gap, while narrowing, remains a persistent feature of India's diverse landscape.

Road density

The total density of National Highways (NHs) in Chhattisgarh is recorded at 23.4 km per 1,000 km², derived from a total length of 3,168 km of NHs within the state, as reported by the Central Government. This figure, while providing a snapshot, doesn't always convey the full picture of connectivity. Under the 'Mukhyamantri Gram Sadak Yojana' (Chief Minister's Rural Road Scheme), the Chhattisgarh Government had, as of 31 May 2016, completed the construction of 5,266 cement concrete (CC) roads, collectively spanning a total length of 1,530 km in various villages across the state. 94 These efforts aim to bridge the infrastructural gaps, ensuring that even remote villages are not entirely left behind in the relentless pursuit of progress.

Witchcraft

This section needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (August 2023) ( Learn how and when to remove this message )

In an effort to instigate tangible social reforms and actively discourage deeply undesirable social practices, the Chhattisgarh government, with a commendable, if perhaps belated, recognition of a pervasive issue, enacted the Chhattisgarh Tonhi Atyachar (Niwaran) Act, 2005. This legislation specifically targets the abhorrent practice of witch-hunting. citation needed However, the mere existence of a law is, as always, insufficient; much remains to be done in the realm of law enforcement by judicial authorities to genuinely protect women from this ancient, yet stubbornly persistent, form of persecution, and to finally bring such barbaric acts to a definitive end. 95

Disturbingly, certain segments of Chhattisgarh's tribal population continue to harbor beliefs in witchcraft. 95 Women, often perceived as having access to supernatural forces, are frequently accused of being witches, or tonhi, a label that is, more often than not, maliciously applied to settle personal scores, particularly those related to land or property disputes.

As recently as 2010, women accused of witchcraft were still being hounded out of their villages, often based on the flimsiest of accusations orchestrated by male village sorcerers. These sorcerers, it seems, are readily paid by villagers with personal agendas, such as the acquisition of property and goods, to brand innocent women as witches. 95 Investigations conducted by the National Geographic Society revealed a grim reality: those accused are considered fortunate if their ordeal is limited to mere verbal bullying, social ostracization, or forced exile from their communities. The dark shadow of superstition, it appears, clings stubbornly even in the face of modern legislation, a testament to the deep-seated fears and prejudices that continue to plague certain corners of humanity.

Demographics

Historical population

Year Pop. ±%
1901 4,181,554 —
1911 5,191,583 +24.2%
1921 5,264,976 +1.4%
1931 6,028,778 +14.5%
1941 6,814,886 +13.0%
1951 7,457,000 +9.4%
1961 9,154,000 +22.8%
1971 11,637,000 +27.1%
1981 14,010,000 +20.4%
1991 17,615,000 +25.7%
2001 20,834,000 +18.3%
2011 25,540,198 +22.6%
Source: Census of India 96 97

Chhattisgarh, a state often characterized by its rural expanse, has an urban population that constitutes 23.4% of its total inhabitants, translating to approximately 5.1 million people residing in urban areas as of 2011. According to a report from the government of India 98, its demographic composition is notably diverse: at least 30% of the population belongs to Scheduled Tribes, 12% are Scheduled Castes, and over 45.5% are officially categorized as Other Backward Classes. This intricate social stratification dictates much of the state's socio-economic dynamics.

In the plains region, numerically dominant castes include the Teli, Satnami, and Yadav communities, forming the backbone of the agrarian and local economies. Conversely, the dense forest areas are primarily inhabited by various tribal groups, such as the Gond, Halba, Kamar/Bujia, and Oraon, whose cultures and livelihoods are deeply intertwined with the natural environment. Beyond these classifications, there is also a significant general population, encompassing communities like Rajputs, Brahmin, Kurmi, and Bania, contributing to the state's social mosaic. A notable community of Bengalis has also established itself in major cities, a legacy dating back to the times of the British Raj. These individuals are often associated with professions in education, industry, and various services, adding another layer to Chhattisgarh's complex demographic tapestry.

[[Danteshwari Temple is one of the Shakti peethas]]

Religion

Religion in Chhattisgarh (2011)

According to the 2011 census, the religious landscape of Chhattisgarh is overwhelmingly dominated by Hinduism, with a substantial 93.25% of the population identifying as Hindu. While other faiths are present, their numbers are comparatively smaller: 2.02% followed Islam, 1.92% adhered to Christianity, and even smaller percentages practiced Buddhism, Sikhism, Jainism, or various other religions. 99

Hindus constitute the clear majority across the state and are the dominant religious group in virtually all districts. A distinct sect unique to Chhattisgarh are the Satnamis, also known as Satnampanthis, who reverently follow Guru Ghasidas. This saint championed bhakti (devotion) towards God and actively preached against the entrenched caste system, offering an egalitarian spiritual path. Chhattisgarh is also home to numerous revered pilgrimage sites, drawing devotees from far and wide. Among the most prominent are the Bambleshwari Temple in Dongargarh and the Danteshwari temple in Dantewada, both of which are recognized as powerful Shakti Peethas, centers of goddess worship. It is worth noting that Buddhism once held a significant position as a major religion in Chhattisgarh, a historical fact often overlooked in contemporary narratives.

Islam, while the second-largest religion, is primarily concentrated in the state's urban centers, reflecting patterns of migration and economic activity. The majority of Christians in Chhattisgarh are tribal individuals, largely concentrated in the Surguja region, where missionary activities have historically been more prevalent.

Language

Main article: Chhattisgarhi language

[[Language data from 2011 census]]

[[Prominent languages spoken by district]]

The official languages of Chhattisgarh are both Modern Standard Hindi and Chhattisgarhi. Both are classified as Central Indo-Aryan languages, forming an integral part of what is broadly known as the Hindi Belt. Chhattisgarhi is not merely spoken but deeply understood by the vast majority of the population in Chhattisgarh, particularly dominating the central Chhattisgarh plain, where its cultural roots run deepest. Among tribals, Chhattisgarhi is often referred to as Khaltahi, and in relation to Odia speakers, it is known as Laria. Chhattisgarhi itself is a vibrant linguistic entity, divided into numerous dialects, with Surgujia from the Surguja region being so distinct that it is sometimes considered a language in its own right. Near the border with Uttar Pradesh, this dialect seamlessly merges into Bhojpuri, while closer to the Madhya Pradesh border, it transitions into Bagheli. Surgujia also blends with Sadri in the northeast, along the boundary with Jharkhand. Modern Standard Hindi is widely spoken by migrants from outside the state and serves as a major language in urban centers and industrial areas. It's a common, if slightly misleading, phenomenon that many whose mother tongue is actually Chhattisgarhi choose to record their speech as "Hindi" in census reports. Odia is also extensively spoken in eastern Chhattisgarh, particularly in areas bordering Odisha, reflecting historical and cultural ties. Minorities speaking Telugu and Marathi can be found along the respective borders with Telangana and Maharashtra, further enriching the state's linguistic diversity. In the eastern Bastar region, Halbi and Bhatri are prominent indigenous languages.

Beyond these more widely spoken tongues, Chhattisgarh is a repository of several truly indigenous languages. Kurukh and Korwa are both spoken in the Surguja region, each carrying the unique cultural heritage of its speakers. Gondi is a major language in southern Chhattisgarh, particularly prevalent in Bastar and its adjoining districts, serving as a vital link to the tribal identity of the Gondi people. Gondi itself encompasses many dialects, such as Muria in north Bastar, which gradually transitions into Madia further south, and Dorli, a transitional dialect between Gondi and Koya, found along the borders of Andhra Pradesh and Telangana. However, a regrettable trend is observed: most Gonds in the north and east of Bastar, as well as in other parts of the state, have increasingly adopted regional languages, leading to a gradual, often irreversible, forgetting of their original tongue. 101 102 103 104 It seems even languages, like ancient forts, can succumb to the relentless march of time and cultural assimilation.

Gender ratio

Chhattisgarh exhibits a notably high female-to-male sex ratio of 991 females per 1,000 males, a figure that positions it commendably at the fifth rank among the states of India. This ratio is particularly significant because, despite being numerically smaller than some other states, Chhattisgarh is the 10th-largest state in India, making its balanced gender demographic a unique and positive indicator. 105

The trend of the gender ratio (number of females per 1,000 males) in Chhattisgarh throughout the 20th century, while showing some fluctuation, has been one of gradual decline. However, a conspicuous and consistent pattern is that Chhattisgarh has always maintained a better female-to-male ratio compared to the national average, a historical anomaly that invites deeper sociological inquiry.

Year 1901 1911 1921 1931 1941 1951 1961 1971 1981 1991 2001 2011
India 972 964 955 950 945 946 941 930 934 927 933 940
Chhattisgarh 1046 1039 1041 1043 1032 1024 1008 998 998 985 989 991

Rural women in Chhattisgarh, despite often facing economic hardship, are frequently characterized by their independence, better organizational skills, and a more socially outspoken demeanor. According to a unique local custom, women possess the agency to terminate a marriage relationship through a practice known as chudi pahanana, if they so desire. Furthermore, many of the ancient temples and shrines across the state are dedicated to Shaktism and are distinctly goddess-centric (e.g., Shabari, Mahamaya, Danteshwari). The very existence and reverence of these temples offer intriguing insights into the historical and, to some extent, current social fabric of the state, suggesting a historical reverence for feminine power. However, it is crucial to acknowledge that a mere mention of these progressive local customs in no way implies the absence of the ideology of female subservience in Chhattisgarh. On the contrary, male authority and dominance are, regrettably, still quite visibly entrenched in many aspects of social and cultural life. 106 One might conclude that progress is a messy, uneven affair, even in places that seem to offer glimmers of hope.

Culture

See also: List of folktales of Chhattisgarh

Dance

The rich cultural tapestry of Chhattisgarh is vividly expressed through its diverse folk dances, each infused with unique traditions and spiritual significance.

Panthi, the distinctive folk dance of the Satnami community, is imbued with profound religious overtones. This vibrant dance is performed annually on Maghi Purnima, a sacred occasion marking the birth anniversary of Guru Ghasidas, the revered spiritual head of the Satnami faith. The dancers gracefully move around a jaitkhamb, a symbolic pillar erected specifically for the celebration, all while singing eulogies dedicated to their spiritual leader. The lyrical content of these songs often reflects a deep contemplation of nirvana, conveying the philosophical essence of their guru's renunciation and the timeless teachings of saint poets such as Kabir, Ramdas, and Dadu. The dancers, with torsos bent and arms swinging in rhythmic unison, become visibly carried away by their fervent devotion. As the accompanying music quickens its pace and intensifies, the performance escalates to include impressive acrobatics and the formation of intricate human pyramids, a breathtaking display of agility and collective spirit. 107

Pandavani is a captivating folk ballad form performed predominantly in Chhattisgarh, a narrative tradition that brings ancient epics to life. It dramatically depicts the timeless saga of the Pandavas, the central protagonists of the monumental epic Mahabharata. The artists involved in a Pandavani narration typically comprise a lead artist, who embodies the storytelling, supported by a chorus of backing singers and a small ensemble of musicians. There are two distinct styles of narration within Pandavani: Vedamati and Kapalik. In the Vedamati style, the lead artist maintains a seated position on the floor throughout the entire performance, delivering the narrative in a simple, yet deeply engaging, manner. The Kapalik style, in contrast, is far more dynamic and theatrical; here, the narrator actively enacts the various scenes and characters, bringing the epic to vivid, physical life. The legendary Padma Shri, Padma Bhushan, and Padma Vibhushan recipient Teejan Bai stands as the most celebrated and iconic artist of Pandavani, her performances having elevated the art form to national and international acclaim. 108

Raut Nacha, the spirited folk dance of the cowherds (Yaduvanshis, a clan of Yadu), is a traditional dance performed as an act of worship to Krishna. This vibrant celebration commences on the 4th day of Diwali, coinciding with Goverdhan Puja, and continues until Dev Uthani Ekadashi, which marks the eleventh day after Diwali according to the Hindu calendar, signifying the awakening of the gods after their brief period of rest. The movements and spirit of the dance bear a striking resemblance to Krishna's playful and ecstatic dances with the gopis (milkmaids), evoking a sense of divine joy and pastoral revelry. 109 110

In Bilaspur, the Raut Nach Mahotsav, a dedicated folk dance festival, has been organized annually since 1978. This grand event draws hundreds, if not thousands, of Raut dancers from remote areas, who converge to participate in a spectacular display of traditional artistry and community spirit. 111

Suwa Nacha, or the Parrot Dance, is another significant tribal dance performed in Chhattisgarh. This is a symbolic form of dancing deeply intertwined with worship and reverence for nature. During the performance, dancers carefully place a parrot within a bamboo pot, around which they form a ceremonial circle. They then sing and dance, moving rhythmically around the parrot, their movements accompanied by synchronized clapping. This particular dance form is predominantly, though not exclusively, performed by the tribal women of Chhattisgarh, serving as a powerful expression of their cultural identity and spiritual connection to the natural world. 112

Karma, a dynamic tribal dance, is an integral part of the cultural heritage of tribal groups such as the Gonds, the Baigas, and the Oraons in Chhattisgarh. In this captivating performance, both men and women arrange themselves in two distinct rows, moving in unison to rhythmic steps, their movements guided by the accompanying singing group. The Karma tribal dance symbolically marks a significant seasonal transition: the conclusion of the rainy season and the joyous advent of the spring season, a celebration of renewal and fertility. clarification needed 113 114

Cinema

Chhollywood is the affectionate, and rather self-aware, moniker for Chhattisgarh's burgeoning film industry. Each year, a considerable number of Chhattisgarhi films