The United Arab Emirates, often referred to as the UAE or simply "The Emirates," is a sovereign nation nestled at the eastern extremity of the Arabian Peninsula in West Asia. This federal, semi-constitutional monarchy is comprised of seven distinct emirates. Its capital city is Abu Dhabi, while its largest and most populous city is Dubai. The UAE shares land borders with Oman to the east and northeast, and Saudi Arabia to the southwest. Maritime boundaries are maintained with Qatar and Iran in the Persian Gulf, and with Oman in the Gulf of Oman. As of the most recent estimates in 2024, the UAE is home to over 10 million individuals. The dominant religion is Islam, and the official language is Arabic. However, English is widely spoken and serves as the primary language of commerce and business.

Historically, the modern United Arab Emirates is situated within the region known as Eastern Arabia, a territory that historically thrived on maritime trade and seafaring. The arrival of the Portuguese around 1500 marked a period of colonial influence, with them establishing bases and engaging in conflicts against the Persians. Following their expulsion, the Dutch exerted control over key maritime straits, solidifying their global naval dominance. By the 19th century, the region's economy was heavily reliant on the pearling industry. This era also witnessed a surge in piracy in the Persian Gulf, which prompted intervention from the British. In response, local sheikhdoms entered into an agreement with the United Kingdom, forming the Trucial States – a British protectorate that offered protection against attempted Saudi and Omani suzerainty. The Trucial States remained under British influence until achieving full independence as the United Arab Emirates in 1971. Under the leadership of Zayed bin Sultan Al Nahyan, the ruler of Abu Dhabi and the nation's first president (serving from 1971 to 2004), the Emirates experienced a period of rapid development. Revenues from newfound oil discoveries were strategically invested in crucial sectors such as healthcare, education, and infrastructure.

The UAE is recognized as a middle power on the global stage, with Dubai emerging as a prominent international center for finance, tourism, and commerce. Notably, only about 11% of the UAE's population comprises native Emiratis; the vast majority are expatriates and migrant workers, with a significant portion originating from South Asia. The country possesses the world's seventh-largest oil reserves and seventh-largest natural gas reserves. Furthermore, the UAE stands out among the Gulf Cooperation Council (GCC) members for its diversified economy, having successfully reduced its reliance on natural resources in the 21st century and increasingly focusing on tourism and business ventures. The UAE is an active participant in various international organizations, including the United Nations, Arab League, Organisation of Islamic Cooperation, OPEC, Non-Aligned Movement, World Trade Organization, and BRICS. It also holds dialogue partner status with the Shanghai Cooperation Organisation.

The Federal Supreme Council, composed of the seven ruling emirs, constitutes the highest authority in the state. This council jointly selects one of its members to serve as the federal president, who then appoints a prime minister to form and lead the cabinet. While considered an authoritarian state, the UAE is generally viewed as liberal in comparison to its regional counterparts. It consistently ranks highly in social indicators such as housing, healthcare, education, and personal safety, and holds the highest Human Development Index ranking regionally. However, human rights organizations have raised concerns, citing the imprisonment and torture of government critics, harassment of families by state security apparatus, and instances of forced disappearances. Freedoms of assembly, association, expression, and press freedom are reportedly severely restricted.

Etymology

The name "United Arab Emirates" originates from the seven emirates that united to form the federation: Abu Dhabi, Dubai, Ajman, [Sharjah](/ Sharjah), Ras Al Khaimah, Umm Al Quwain, and Fujairah.

History

Antiquity

Archaeological evidence, including stone tools recovered from the Mleiha Archaeological Centre in Sharjah, indicates human habitation in the region dating back as far as 127,000 years ago, with some findings suggesting even earlier presence. Over millennia, robust trading networks were established with civilizations in Mesopotamia, Iran, and the Indus Valley civilisation. These connections were likely facilitated by the trade of copper from the Hajar Mountains, a practice that commenced around 3,000 BCE. Ancient Sumerian texts refer to the Magan civilization, which is understood to have encompassed the territories of modern-day UAE and Oman.

The region has seen distinct periods of human settlement characterized by specific cultural practices. These include the Hafit period (3,200–2,600 BCE), the Umm Al Nar culture (2,600–2,000 BCE), and the Wadi Suq culture (2,000–1,300 BCE). From approximately 1,200 BCE until the advent of Islam in Eastern Arabia, the area experienced occupation by various groups, including the Achaemenids. During this time, fortified settlements and extensive animal husbandry flourished, supported by the development of the falaj irrigation system.

Islam

The introduction of Islam to the northeastern tip of the Arabian Peninsula is believed to have occurred following a letter from the Islamic prophet Muhammad to the rulers of Oman around 630 CE. This correspondence led to a delegation of rulers traveling to Medina, embracing Islam, and subsequently leading an uprising against the Sasanian Empire, which then held sway over the coast. Following Muhammad's death, the nascent Islamic communities south of the Persian Gulf faced internal dissent, with insurrections against the established Muslim leaders. Caliph Abu Bakr dispatched an army from Medina to quell these rebellions, a campaign that concluded with the Battle of Dibba, where an estimated 10,000 lives were lost. This decisive victory secured the integrity of the Caliphate and consolidated the unification of the Arabian Peninsula under the emerging Rashidun Caliphate.

In 637 CE, Julfar (located in the vicinity of present-day Ras Al Khaimah) served as a significant port and staging ground for the Islamic conquest of the Sasanian Empire. The Al Ain/Buraimi Oasis region, known as Tu'am, was a crucial trading hub for camel caravans traversing between the coast and the Arabian interior.

The earliest known Christian site in the UAE was discovered in the 1990s on Sir Bani Yas Island. This extensive monastic complex, dating back to the seventh century, is believed to be Nestorian and was constructed around 600 CE. It appears to have been peacefully abandoned by 750 CE, offering a rare physical connection to the historical presence of Christianity, which is thought to have spread across the peninsula from 50 to 350 CE along trade routes. Historical records indicate that Oman had a bishop named John by the fifth century, with the last bishop, Etienne, serving in 676 CE.

Portuguese Era

The challenging desert environment fostered the development of the "versatile tribesman," nomadic groups who sustained themselves through a diverse range of economic activities, including animal husbandry, agriculture, and hunting. The seasonal movements of these tribes often led to inter-tribal conflicts, as well as the establishment of temporary and semi-permanent settlements. These tribal structures, many of whose names are still carried by modern Emiratis, included the Bani Yas and Al Bu Falah of Abu Dhabi, associated with areas like Al Ain and the Liwa Oasis, as well as the west coast. Other significant tribes included the Dhawahir, Awamir, Al Ali, and Manasir of the interior; the Sharqiyin of the east coast; and the Qawasim to the north.

The expansion of European colonial powers brought Portuguese, English, and Dutch forces into the Persian Gulf. By the 18th century, the Bani Yas confederation had emerged as the dominant power across much of the territory now constituting Abu Dhabi, while the Al Qawasim confederation controlled maritime commerce in the north. The Portuguese maintained a presence along the coastal settlements, reinforcing their influence with forts built following the aggressive 16th-century conquests by Afonso de Albuquerque and his successors, particularly on the east coast at Muscat, Sohar, and Khor Fakkan.

The southern coast of the Persian Gulf became known to the British as the "Pirate Coast" due to the harassment of British-flagged shipping by vessels belonging to the Al Qawasim federation from the 17th century into the 19th. However, the attribution of "piracy" is contested by modern Emirati historians, including Sheikh Sultan bin Muhammad Al-Qasimi, the current ruler of Sharjah, who argued against this narrative in his 1986 book, The Myth of Arab Piracy in the Gulf.

British expeditions, aimed at safeguarding their Indian trade routes, led to military campaigns against Ras Al Khaimah and other coastal harbors. These included the Persian Gulf campaign of 1809 and the more conclusive campaign of 1819. The following year, Britain and several local rulers signed a maritime truce, a pivotal agreement that gave rise to the term Trucial States and defined the status of the coastal emirates. Further treaties were signed in 1843 and, crucially, in 1853, which established the Perpetual Maritime Truce. The addition of "Exclusive Agreements" in 1892 formalized the status of the Trucial States as a British protectorate.

Under the terms of the 1892 treaty, the trucial sheikhs committed to not ceding any territory without British consent and to refrain from engaging in foreign relations with any government other than the British without their approval. In return, the British pledged to protect the Trucial Coast from maritime aggression and to provide assistance in the event of land attacks. The presence of British maritime patrols ensured a degree of security for pearling fleets. However, the British enforcement of the slave trade ban resulted in the loss of a significant income source for some sheikhs and merchants.

In 1869, the Qubaisat tribe established a settlement at Khor Al Adaid and sought Ottoman support. At that time, Khor Al Adaid was claimed by Abu Dhabi, a claim that was supported by the British. In 1906, the British Political Resident, Percy Cox, provided written confirmation to the ruler of Abu Dhabi, Zayed bin Khalifa Al Nahyan (known as 'Zayed the Great'), affirming that Khor Al Adaid rightfully belonged to his sheikhdom.

British Era and Discovery of Oil

Throughout the 19th and early 20th centuries, the pearling industry was a vital economic activity, providing employment and income for the inhabitants of the Persian Gulf. The First World War significantly impacted this industry, but it was the economic depression of the late 1920s and early 1930s, coupled with the invention of the cultured pearl, that ultimately led to the decline and eventual demise of the trade. The remnants of the industry faded after the Second World War when the newly independent Government of India imposed substantial taxes on imported pearls, exacerbating the economic hardship already faced by the Trucial States.

In 1922, the British government secured agreements from the rulers of the Trucial States, preventing them from granting concessions to foreign companies without British approval. Recognizing the potential for oil exploration, following discoveries in Persia (from 1908) and Mesopotamia (from 1927), a British-led consortium, the Iraq Petroleum Company (IPC), began showing interest in the region. The Anglo-Persian Oil Company (APOC), which later evolved into British Petroleum (BP), held a 23.75% stake in IPC. From 1935 onwards, onshore oil exploration concessions were granted by local rulers, with APOC signing the inaugural concession on behalf of Petroleum Concessions Ltd (PCL), an associate company of IPC. APOC's ability to develop the region independently was constrained by the terms of the Red Line Agreement, which mandated its operations through IPC. Several option agreements were signed between PCL and the trucial rulers, providing some much-needed revenue for communities struggling with poverty after the collapse of the pearl trade. However, the significant oil wealth witnessed in neighboring countries remained elusive for the Trucial States. The initial exploratory drilling by IPC's operating company, Petroleum Development (Trucial Coast) Ltd (PDTC), commenced in Abu Dhabi at Ras Sadr in 1950. A deep borehole, reaching 13,000 feet (4,000 meters), took a year to drill and unfortunately yielded no results, at a substantial cost of £1 million at the time.

The British established a development office that facilitated minor development projects within the emirates. The seven sheikhs of the emirates subsequently decided to form a council to coordinate their affairs and took over the responsibilities of the development office. In 1952, they established the Trucial States Council, appointing Adi Al Bitar, the legal advisor to Dubai's Sheikh Rashid bin Saeed Al Maktoum, as its secretary general and legal advisor. The council was dissolved upon the formation of the United Arab Emirates. Inter-emirate disputes, often stemming from the tribal nature of society and undefined borders, were frequently resolved through mediation, though occasionally through force. The Trucial Oman Scouts was a small military force utilized by the British to maintain peace in the region.

In 1953, a subsidiary of BP, D'Arcy Exploration Ltd, secured an offshore concession from the ruler of Abu Dhabi. BP collaborated with Compagnie Française des Pétroles (later Total) to form operating companies: Abu Dhabi Marine Areas Ltd (ADMA) and Dubai Marine Areas Ltd (DUMA). These ventures conducted numerous undersea oil surveys, including one led by the renowned marine explorer Jacques Cousteau. In 1958, a floating platform rig was transported from Hamburg, Germany, and positioned over the Umm Shaif pearl bed in Abu Dhabi waters, where drilling commenced. In March of that year, commercial quantities of oil were discovered in the Upper Thamama rock formation. This marked the first commercial oil discovery on the Trucial Coast, leading to the commencement of exports in 1962. ADMA subsequently made further offshore discoveries at Zakum and other locations. Other companies also made significant finds, such as the Fateh oilfield off the coast of Dubai and the Mubarak field off Sharjah, which was shared with Iran.

Meanwhile, onshore exploration efforts were hampered by territorial disputes. In 1955, the United Kingdom represented Abu Dhabi and Oman in their territorial dispute with Saudi Arabia concerning the Buraimi Oasis. A border agreement signed between Abu Dhabi and Saudi Arabia in 1974 aimed to resolve this dispute, but it has not been formally ratified. The UAE's border with Oman was officially ratified in 2008. PDTC persisted with its onshore exploration in areas not affected by territorial disputes, drilling five additional dry boreholes. However, on October 27, 1960, the company discovered oil in commercially viable quantities at the Murban No. 3 well, located on the coast near Tarif. In 1962, PDTC was reorganized as the Abu Dhabi Petroleum Company. As oil revenues increased, the ruler of Abu Dhabi, Zayed bin Sultan Al Nahyan, initiated an extensive development program, focusing on the construction of schools, housing, hospitals, and roads. When Dubai began exporting oil in 1969, Sheikh Rashid bin Saeed Al Maktoum, the ruler of Dubai, utilized the revenues from these limited discoveries to propel the diversification strategy that would ultimately transform Dubai into a leading global city.

Independence

By 1966, it became evident that the British government could no longer sustain the administration and protection of the Trucial States. Debates within the British Parliament questioned the Royal Navy's capacity to defend the sheikhdoms. On January 24, 1968, British Prime Minister Harold Wilson announced the government's decision to terminate the treaty relationships with the seven trucial sheikhdoms, a decision reaffirmed in March 1971 by Prime Minister Edward Heath. Shortly after this announcement, Sheikh Zayed bin Sultan Al Nahyan, the ruler of Abu Dhabi, concerned about potential vulnerability, attempted to persuade the British to honor the protection treaties by offering to cover the full costs of maintaining the British Armed Forces in the Emirates. The British Conservative government rejected this offer. Following an indication from Labour MP Goronwy Roberts to Sheikh Zayed regarding the impending British withdrawal, the nine Persian Gulf sheikhdoms made an attempt to form a union of Arab emirates. However, by mid-1971, agreement on the terms of union remained elusive, even with the expiration of the British treaty relationship looming in December of that year.

The fears of vulnerability materialized on the eve of independence. An Iranian destroyer flotilla, breaking formation during an exercise in the lower Gulf, proceeded to the Tunb islands. The islands were seized by force, with civilians and Arab defenders alike permitted to flee. A British warship remained stationed nearby but did not intervene during the invasion. A destroyer group also approached the island of Abu Musa. However, Sheikh Khalid bin Muhammad Al Qasimi, the ruler at the time, had already reached an agreement with the Iranian Shah, resulting in the island being leased to Iran for an annual fee of $3 million. Concurrently, Saudi Arabia asserted claims over significant portions of Abu Dhabi's territory. It was not until 1974 that a border agreement was concluded with Saudi Arabia, formally demarcating the frontiers between the UAE and Saudi Arabia. The perceived threat from Iran influenced the UAE's substantial financial support for Iraq during the protracted Iran–Iraq War.

Initially slated for inclusion in the proposed Federation of Arab Emirates, Bahrain gained independence in August 1971, followed by Qatar in September 1971. When the British-Trucial Sheikhdoms treaty expired on December 1, 1971, both emirates achieved full independence. On December 2, 1971, six of the emirates – Abu Dhabi, Ajman, Dubai, Fujairah, Sharjah, and Umm Al Quwain – formally entered into a union, establishing the United Arab Emirates. Ras al-Khaimah joined the federation on January 10, 1972. In February 1972, the Federal National Council, a consultative body comprising 40 members appointed by the seven rulers, was established. The UAE became a member of the Arab League on December 6, 1971, and joined the United Nations on December 9. It was also a founding member of the Gulf Cooperation Council in May 1981, with Abu Dhabi hosting the inaugural GCC summit.

Post-Independence Period

The United Arab Emirates has demonstrated a commitment to international security, supporting military operations by the United States and other coalition states during the Gulf War against Saddam Hussein's regime in Ba'athist Iraq in 1991. The country also contributed to operations supporting the global war on terror, particularly in the Horn of Africa, operating from Al Dhafra Air Base near Abu Dhabi. This air base also provided support for Allied operations during the 1991 Persian Gulf War and Operation Northern Watch. The UAE had already established military defense agreements with the U.S. in 1994 and with France in 1995. In January 2008, France and the UAE finalized a deal enabling France to establish a permanent military base in the emirate of Abu Dhabi. The UAE also participated in international military operations in Libya in March 2011.

On November 2, 2004, Sheikh Zayed bin Sultan Al Nahyan, the UAE's founding president, passed away. Sheikh Khalifa bin Zayed Al Nahyan was subsequently elected as the president of the UAE, and Sheikh Mohamed bin Zayed Al Nahyan assumed the role of crown prince of Abu Dhabi. In January 2006, Sheikh Maktoum bin Rashid Al Maktoum, who served as both the prime minister of the UAE and the ruler of Dubai, died, leading to Sheikh Mohammed bin Rashid Al Maktoum assuming both positions.

The UAE conducted its first national elections on December 16, 2006, with a portion of voters selecting half of the members of the Federal National Council. The UAE largely managed to avoid the widespread Arab Spring uprisings that affected other nations in the region. However, 60 Emirati activists associated with Al Islah were apprehended on suspicion of attempting a coup and establishing an Islamist state within the UAE. In response to the protests in neighboring Bahrain, the UAE enacted a law in November 2012 that criminalized online mockery of the government and efforts to organize public protests via social media.

The COVID-19 pandemic reached the UAE on January 29, 2020. Two months later, in March, the government implemented measures including the closure of shopping malls, schools, and places of worship, imposed a 24-hour curfew, and suspended all Emirates passenger flights. These actions triggered a significant economic downturn, leading to the consolidation of over 50% of the UAE's federal agencies. On August 29, 2020, the UAE established diplomatic relations with Israel, with the assistance of the United States, signing the Abraham Accords with Bahrain as well. A significant milestone was achieved on February 9, 2021, when the UAE's probe, named Hope, successfully entered Mars's orbit. This achievement made the UAE the first country in the Arab world to reach Mars, the fifth nation globally to achieve Martian orbit, and the second country, following an Indian probe, to orbit Mars on its initial attempt. On May 14, 2022, Sheikh Mohamed bin Zayed Al Nahyan was elected as the UAE's new president, succeeding Sheikh Khalifa bin Zayed Al Nahyan after his passing.

Geography

The United Arab Emirates is strategically positioned in the Middle East, bordering the Gulf of Oman and the Persian Gulf, nestled between Oman and Saudi Arabia. Its location just south of the critical Strait of Hormuz, a vital artery for global crude oil transport, underscores its geopolitical importance. The UAE lies between 22°30' and 26°10' north latitude and 51° and 56°25′ east longitude. It shares a substantial border with Saudi Arabia, stretching 530 kilometers (330 miles) to the west, south, and southeast. Its border with Oman extends for 450 kilometers (280 miles) along the southeast and northeast. The northwestern land border with Qatar in the Khor Al Adaid area is approximately nineteen kilometers (12 miles) long, though it remains a point of contention in the ongoing Saudi Arabia – United Arab Emirates border dispute. Following Britain's military withdrawal in 1971 and the establishment of the UAE as a sovereign state, the nation laid claim to the Iranian-occupied islands of Abu Musa and the Greater and Lesser Tunbs. Iran's seizure of these islands during the period of British rule has resulted in unresolved territorial disputes. The UAE also has outstanding territorial claims against neighboring Qatar concerning other islands. The largest emirate, Abu Dhabi, constitutes a significant 87% of the UAE's total landmass, covering 67,340 square kilometers (26,000 sq mi). In contrast, the smallest emirate, Ajman, occupies a mere 259 square kilometers (100 sq mi).

The UAE's coastline stretches for nearly 650 kilometers (404 miles) along the southern edge of the Persian Gulf, with a brief interruption by an Omani territorial exclave. Six of the seven emirates are situated along the Persian Gulf coast, while the seventh, Fujairah, lies on the eastern coast of the peninsula, providing direct access to the Gulf of Oman. The majority of the coastline is characterized by salt pans that extend between 8 to 10 kilometers (5.0 to 6.2 miles) inland. Dubai possesses the largest natural harbor, though other ports have been developed through dredging in Abu Dhabi, Sharjah, and other locations. Numerous islands are scattered throughout the Persian Gulf, and the ownership of some of these islands remains a subject of dispute with both Iran and Qatar. The smaller islands, along with many coral reefs and shifting sandbars, pose navigational hazards. Strong tides and periodic windstorms further complicate maritime movements near the shore. The UAE also has a segment of the Al Bāţinah coast along the Gulf of Oman. The Musandam Peninsula, which forms the northernmost tip of Arabia at the Strait of Hormuz, and the exclave of Madha, are Omani territories geographically separated from the rest of Oman by UAE territory.

The desert landscape south and west of Abu Dhabi features vast, rolling sand dunes that gradually merge into the expansive Rub al-Khali (Empty Quarter) desert in Saudi Arabia. The desert regions of Abu Dhabi contain two significant oases, blessed with ample underground water resources that support permanent settlements and agricultural activities. The extensive Liwa Oasis is situated in the southern part of the emirate, near the undefined border with Saudi Arabia. Approximately 100 kilometers (62 miles) northeast of Liwa lies the Al-Buraimi oasis, which straddles the border between Abu Dhabi and Oman. Lake Zakher in Al Ain is a human-made lake near the Omani border, created from treated wastewater. Prior to their withdrawal in 1971, the British meticulously delineated the internal borders among the seven emirates to prevent potential territorial disputes that could impede the formation of the federation. Generally, the rulers of the emirates accepted these British interventions, although boundary disputes between Abu Dhabi and Dubai, and between Dubai and Sharjah, remained unresolved until after the UAE gained independence. The most intricate border demarcations were found in the Western Hajar Mountains, where jurisdiction over more than a dozen enclaves was contested by five different emirates.

Biodiversity

The United Arab Emirates encompasses several terrestrial ecoregions, including the Al Hajar montane woodlands and shrublands, the Gulf of Oman desert and semi-desert, and the Al-Hajar foothill xeric woodlands and shrublands. The oases within the UAE support the growth of date palms, acacia, and eucalyptus trees. In the desert, vegetation is notably sparse, consisting primarily of grasses and thorny bushes. The indigenous fauna faced a significant decline due to intensive hunting, prompting conservation efforts. Sheikh Zayed bin Sultan Al Nahyan initiated a conservation program on Sir Bani Yas Island in the 1970s, which has been instrumental in the survival of species such as the Arabian Oryx, Arabian camel, and various leopards. The coastal marine life includes species like mackerel, perch, and tuna, as well as sharks and whales.

Climate

The UAE experiences a subtropical-arid climate characterized by hot summers and warm winters. The climate is classified as a desert climate. The months of July and August are typically the hottest, with average maximum temperatures exceeding 45 °C (113 °F) along the coastal plain. In the Hajar Mountains, temperatures are considerably lower due to the increased elevation. Average minimum temperatures in January and February range between 10 and 14 °C (50 and 57 °F). During the late summer months, a humid southeastern wind, known as the Sharqi (meaning "Easterner"), makes the coastal regions particularly uncomfortable. The average annual rainfall in the coastal areas is less than 120 mm (4.7 in), although some mountainous regions receive up to 350 mm (13.8 in) of rain annually. Rainfall in the coastal areas typically occurs in short, intense bursts during the winter months, occasionally leading to flash floods in normally dry wadi beds. The region is also susceptible to occasional, severe dust storms, which can drastically reduce visibility.

On December 28, 2004, the UAE recorded snow for the first time in the Jebel Jais mountain cluster in Ras al-Khaimah. Several years later, further sightings of snow and hail were reported. The Jebel Jais mountain cluster has experienced snowfall only twice since records began.

Government and Politics

The United Arab Emirates is structured as a federal constitutional monarchy, formed by a union of seven hereditary monarchy-styled political entities known as Sheikhdoms. Governance is vested in the Federal Supreme Council, comprising the ruling Sheikhs from Abu Dhabi, Ajman, Fujairah, Sharjah, Dubai, Ras Al Khaimah, and Umm Al Quwain. All governmental responsibilities not explicitly delegated to the federal government are retained by the individual emirates. A designated percentage of revenue from each emirate is contributed to the UAE's central budget. The UAE employs the title Sheikh to refer to the rulers of its individual emirates, a practice rooted in the sheikhdom system of governance and aligned with the cultural traditions of the tribes of Arabia, where "Sheikh" signifies a leader, elder, or tribal chief who engages in shared decision-making with their constituents. The president and vice president are appointed by the Federal Supreme Council. Conventionally, the head of the Al Nahyan family, based in Abu Dhabi, assumes the presidency, while the head of the Al Maktoum family, based in Dubai, holds the position of prime minister. With a single exception, all prime ministers have concurrently served as vice president.

The federal government comprises three branches:

• Legislative: This branch consists of the Federal Supreme Council and the advisory Federal National Council (FNC).
• Executive: This branch includes the President, who also serves as commander-in-chief of the military, the prime minister, and the Council of Ministers.
• Judicial: This branch encompasses the Supreme Court and subordinate federal courts.

The UAE e-Government represents the federal government's digital extension. The UAE's Council of Ministers serves as the primary executive body, presided over by the prime minister. The prime minister, appointed by the Federal Supreme Council, is responsible for appointing the ministers. The Council of Ministers comprises 22 members and oversees all domestic and foreign affairs of the federation in accordance with constitutional and federal law. In December 2019, the UAE achieved gender parity in its national legislative body, with women constituting 50% of the lower house, making it the only Arab country and one of only five globally to reach this milestone.

The UAE uniquely hosts a Ministry of Tolerance, a Ministry of Happiness, and a Ministry of Artificial Intelligence. Additionally, it operates a virtual entity known as the Ministry of Possibilities, dedicated to devising solutions for challenges and enhancing the quality of life for citizens. The National Youth Council is also integrated into the UAE cabinet, represented by the Minister of Youth. The Federal National Council is the UAE's legislative body, convening nationwide elections every four years. The FNC consists of 40 members representing all emirates, with each emirate allocated specific seats to ensure comprehensive representation. Half of these members are appointed by the rulers of the constituent emirates, while the other half are elected by a select group of Emirati citizens, currently representing 33% of the electorate, who are chosen by the respective emirate rulers. By law, the council members must be equally divided between males and females. The FNC's role is primarily consultative.

The UAE is classified as an authoritarian federal monarchy. It has been described as a "tribal autocracy," where the seven constituent monarchies are led by autocratic tribal rulers. The country lacks democratically elected institutions and does not formally uphold freedom of speech. Human rights organizations report systematic violations, including the torture and forced disappearance of government critics. The UAE consistently ranks poorly in indices measuring civil liberties and political rights. For instance, it has been consistently rated "Not Free" in Freedom House's annual Freedom in the World report since 1999. The Press Freedom Index compiled by Reporters without Borders also places the UAE unfavorably. The Global State of Democracy Indices from International IDEA and the Bertelsmann Transformation Index, which characterizes the UAE as a "moderate monarchy," further highlight weaknesses in political representation, including inclusive suffrage and credible elections. The country is positioned as the third least democratic nation in the Middle East.

Administrative Divisions

The United Arab Emirates is comprised of seven emirates. The Emirate of Dubai is the most populous, home to 35.6% of the UAE's population, followed by the Emirate of Abu Dhabi with 31.2%. Consequently, over two-thirds of the UAE's population resides in either Abu Dhabi or Dubai. Abu Dhabi covers an area of 67,340 square kilometers (26,000 square miles), representing 86.7% of the country's total land area, excluding islands. Its coastline extends over 400 kilometers (250 miles) and is administratively divided into three major regions. The Emirate of Dubai stretches along the Persian Gulf coast for approximately 72 kilometers (45 miles) and has an area of 3,885 square kilometers (1,500 square miles), equivalent to 5% of the nation's total area, excluding islands. The Emirate of Sharjah extends along about 16 kilometers (10 miles) of the UAE's Persian Gulf coastline and reaches over 80 kilometers (50 miles) inland. The northern emirates, including Fujairah, Ajman, Ras al-Khaimah, and Umm al-Qaiwain, collectively occupy an area of 3,881 square kilometers (1,498 square miles). There are two areas under joint administration: one shared by Oman and Ajman, and another by Fujairah and Sharjah.

An Omani exclave known as Wadi Madha is entirely surrounded by UAE territory. Located midway between the Musandam peninsula and the rest of Oman within the Emirate of Sharjah, it covers approximately 75 square kilometers (29 square miles). The boundary was demarcated in 1969. The northeastern corner of Madha is a mere 10 meters (33 feet) from the Khor Fakkan-Fujairah road. Within the Omani exclave of Madha lies a UAE exclave called Nahwa, also belonging to the Emirate of Sharjah. Accessible via an eight-kilometer (5.0 mile) dirt track west of the town of New Madha, Nahwa consists of roughly forty houses and has its own clinic and telephone exchange.

Foreign Relations

The United Arab Emirates maintains extensive diplomatic and commercial ties with a majority of countries and United Nations members, despite noted human rights concerns. It plays a crucial role within OPEC and is a founding member of the Gulf Cooperation Council (GCC). The UAE is affiliated with the United Nations and several of its specialized agencies, including ICAO, ILO, UPU, WHO, and WIPO, as well as international financial institutions like the World Bank and IMF. It is also a member of the Arab League, the Organisation of Islamic Cooperation (OIC), and the Non-Aligned Movement. Furthermore, it holds observer status in the Organisation Internationale de la Francophonie. Most nations have established diplomatic missions in the capital, Abu Dhabi, with the majority of consulates situated in the UAE's largest city, Dubai.

Emirati foreign policy is significantly shaped by its sense of Arab world identity and its relationships within the region. The UAE maintains strong ties with Bahrain, China, Egypt, India, Jordan, Pakistan, Russia, Saudi Arabia, and the United States. Following the British withdrawal from the UAE in 1971 and the formation of the UAE as a state, the nation contested Iran's claims to three Persian Gulf islands: Abu Musa, Greater Tunb, and Lesser Tunb. The UAE sought to bring this matter before the International Court of Justice, but Iran rejected this approach. Pakistan was the first country to formally recognize the UAE upon its establishment. In June 2017, the UAE, along with several other Middle Eastern and African nations, severed diplomatic ties with Qatar amid allegations of state sponsorship of terrorism, leading to the Qatar diplomatic crisis. Diplomatic relations were restored in January 2021. The UAE recognized Israel in August 2020, culminating in a historic Israel–United Arab Emirates peace agreement and paving the way for the full normalization of relations between the two countries.

The UAE has emerged as a primary supporter of the rebel Rapid Support Forces (RSF) in the ongoing Sudanese Civil War. Reports from 2025 indicate the UAE's involvement in supplying weapons to the RSF, in contravention of international sanctions, and their alleged use in committing genocide in the region. In response to the conflict in Sudan, U.S. Representative Sara Jacobs visited a refugee camp in Sudan in March 2024, witnessing the profound trauma experienced by children. This visit led her to state that the U.S. has a moral obligation to take action and cease arms sales to the UAE, given their supply of weapons to the RSF militias. Joining U.S. Senator Chris Van Hollen, members of the United States Congress have advocated for an export ban on weapons destined for the UAE. As of November 2025, this legislative proposal remained under consideration in Congress.

Military

The United Arab Emirates Armed Forces comprise approximately 44,000 active personnel in the Army, 2,500 personnel and 46 vessels in the Navy, 4,500 personnel and 386 aircraft in the Air Force, and 12,000 personnel in the Presidential Guard. In 2022, defense spending amounted to US$20.4 billion, representing 4% of the nation's GDP. The UAE is recognized for possessing the most capable military among the Gulf states.

Although initially modest in size, the UAE armed forces have undergone significant expansion and are currently equipped with advanced weaponry acquired from various Western military powers, primarily France, the United States, and the United Kingdom. A substantial number of officers have graduated from the United Kingdom's Royal Military Academy at Sandhurst, while others have attended institutions such as the United States Military Academy at West Point, the Royal Military College, Duntroon in Australia, and France's St Cyr. France and the United States have played particularly significant roles through defense cooperation agreements and the provision of military matériel.

The UAE's military engagements include the deployment of an infantry battalion to the United Nations UNOSOM II force in Somalia in 1993, the 35th Mechanised Infantry Battalion to Kosovo, a regiment to Kuwait during the Iraq War, participation in demining operations in Lebanon, contributions to Operation Enduring Freedom in Afghanistan, involvement in the American-led intervention in Libya, the American-led intervention in Syria, and the Saudi-led intervention in Yemen. The active and effective military role, despite its relatively small active personnel numbers, has earned the UAE military the moniker "Little Sparta" from United States Armed Forces Generals and former U.S. defense secretary James Mattis.

The UAE intervened in the Libyan Civil War, supporting General Khalifa Haftar's Libyan National Army in its conflict against the internationally recognized Government of National Accord (GNA). Military assets deployed in these operations include six UAEAF F-16 and six Mirage 2000 multi-role fighter aircraft enforcing the no-fly-zone over Libya, ground troop deployments in Afghanistan, 30 UAEAF F-16s and ground troops in Southern Yemen, and support for U.S. airstrikes against ISIL targets in Syria.

The UAE has initiated domestic production of military equipment to reduce foreign dependency and foster national industrialization. Notable developments include the Abu Dhabi Shipbuilding company (ADSB), which manufactures various vessels and serves as a prime contractor for the Baynunah Programme, a project to design, develop, and produce customized corvettes for operations in the shallow waters of the Persian Gulf. The UAE also produces weapons and ammunition through Caracal International, military transport vehicles via Nimr LLC, and unmanned aerial vehicles through the Emirates Defence Industries Company. The UAE operates a unique variant of the General Dynamics F-16 Fighting Falcon, the F-16E Block 60, unofficially known as the "Desert Falcon," specifically developed in collaboration with the UAE for the United Arab Emirates Air Force. The United Arab Emirates Army operates a customized Leclerc tank, making the UAE the only other operator of this tank besides the French Army. The region's largest defense exhibition and conference, International Defence Exhibition, is held biennially in Abu Dhabi.

Since 2014, the UAE has implemented mandatory military service for adult males, requiring 16 months of service to augment its reserve forces. The most significant military loss in the UAE's history occurred on September 4, 2015, when 52 soldiers were killed in the Marib area of central Yemen by a Tochka missile that struck a weapons cache, causing a massive explosion.

Law

The United Arab Emirates operates a federal court system, with Abu Dhabi, Dubai, and Ras Al Khaimah also maintaining their own local court systems. The UAE's judicial framework is influenced by both civil law system and Sharia law principles, encompassing civil and Sharia courts. Sharia courts hold exclusive jurisdiction over matters of Muslim family law, while civil courts address all other legal issues. As of September 2020, corporal punishment is no longer a legally permissible form of punishment under UAE federal law. The amended decree specifies retribution and blood money payments, capital punishment, life imprisonment, temporary imprisonment, indefinite detention, and fines as the legally recognized forms of punishment. Article 1 of the Federal Penal Code was revised in 2020 to stipulate that Islamic Law applies solely to retribution and blood money crimes, whereas previously it stated that "provisions of the Islamic Law shall apply to the crimes of doctrinal punishment, punitive punishment and blood money." Prior to 2020, punishments such as flogging, stoning, amputation, and crucifixion were technically legal for offenses like adultery, premarital sex, and drug or alcohol use. In recent times, the UAE has expressed its intention to transition towards a more tolerant legal code and gradually phase out corporal punishment in favor of private sanctions. With the relaxation of alcohol and cohabitation laws in anticipation of the 2020 World Expo, Emirati legal statutes have become more accommodating to visitors from non-Muslim countries.

Sharia courts possess exclusive jurisdiction over Muslim family law matters, including marriage, divorce, child custody, and inheritance. Muslim women are required to obtain permission from a male guardian to marry or remarry, a stipulation derived from Sharia law that has been federal law since 2005. It is also legally prohibited for Muslim women to marry non-Muslims. Non-Muslim expatriates were previously subject to Sharia rulings concerning marriage, divorce, child custody, and inheritance. However, federal law has since been amended to introduce a non-Sharia personal status law for non-Muslims. More recently, the emirate of Abu Dhabi established a civil law family court for non-Muslims, and Dubai has announced provisions for civil marriages for non-Muslims.

Apostasy is technically a capital crime in the UAE, although there are no documented instances of apostates being executed. Blasphemy is an illegal act, and expatriates found guilty of insulting Islam face deportation. Sodomy is illegal and punishable by a minimum of six months imprisonment, a fine, or both. However, the law's application is contingent on a complaint filed by the husband or legal guardian, and the penalty may be suspended if the complaint is withdrawn. In 2013, an Emirati man was prosecuted for an alleged "gay handshake."

Due to local customs, public displays of affection in certain public spaces are prohibited and can result in deportation, although holding hands is generally tolerated. Expats in Dubai have faced deportation for public displays of affection, including kissing. In several reported cases, women who reported rape were subsequently jailed by UAE courts. Federal law in the UAE prohibits online profanity on social media platforms. Public dancing is also illegal in the UAE. In November 2020, the UAE announced the decriminalization of alcohol, the lifting of the ban on unmarried couples cohabiting, and the cessation of lenient punishments for honor killing. Foreign nationals residing in the Emirates were permitted to adhere to their home countries' laws regarding divorce and inheritance.

Despite Sharia laws that restrict gambling activities and equipment in the UAE, the country has issued its first commercial gaming operator's license to Wynn Resorts, which is developing a luxury resort that includes a casino component. This development is situated on Al Marjan Island in Ras Al Khaimah and is slated to open in March 2027. In September 2023, the UAE established the General Commercial Gaming Regulatory Authority (GCGRA), signaling its intentions to legalize gambling. The GCGRA has outlined a comprehensive regulatory framework encompassing licenses for casinos, slot machines, poker tables, lotteries, internet gaming, and sports wagering. The GCGRA emphasizes responsible gaming, requiring operators to implement socially responsible gaming programs and undergo biennial audits. These programs include player education, responsible marketing, employee training, and evaluation plans to assess their effectiveness. Gaming operators are mandated to establish a "qualifying domestic entity" within the UAE, defined as any UAE-based company with substantial business operations in the jurisdiction. The GCGRA also mandates player management tools, such as deposit limits and cooling-off periods for online gaming.

The first lottery license has been granted to The Game LLC, operating under the "UAE Lottery" brand. This move supersedes existing lottery operators like Mahzooz and Big Ticket, which are no longer legally permitted to offer their services. Players are required to engage exclusively with licensed gaming operators to avoid severe penalties. The regulations also stipulate that operators must enable players to restrict themselves from online gaming platforms for a minimum of 72 hours upon request, as part of a broader initiative to ensure a secure and responsible commercial gaming environment in the UAE. The UAE's decision to legalize gaming is viewed as a strategic move to bolster its tourism and entertainment sectors, capitalizing on its existing infrastructure and business-friendly environment. This development is anticipated to attract major gaming operators and contribute significantly to the nation's economy. The country currently lacks formal gaming legislation, and consequently, details regarding casino projects have not been fully disclosed. Gambling remains prohibited for local citizens and is considered a legal and cultural taboo.

Human Rights Violations

Human Rights Watch has documented ongoing unfair mass trials, restrictions on freedom of speech, and abuses targeting migrant labor forces within the country. The annual Freedom House report, Freedom in the World, has consistently designated the United Arab Emirates as "Not Free" every year since 1999, the earliest year for which data is available on their website. In 2025, the country ranked 18th out of 100 nations on the freedom index, attributed to a lack of free elections, insufficient government transparency and accountability, and the absence of a free media and independent judicial system, alongside low scores on other metrics.

Freedom of association is also severely restricted, and in most instances, prohibited by current legislation. In the UAE, establishing an association requires the involvement of twenty individuals, none of whom can have prior convictions, and requires pre-authorization and registration with the government. All associations are subject to censorship guidelines, and all publications must receive prior government approval. Article 188 of the Penal Code, updated in 2022, criminalizes the establishment of an association with the intent to challenge the existing regime, carrying penalties ranging from life imprisonment to the death penalty. In its 2025 Annual Report, Amnesty International has consistently identified significant human rights violations, particularly concerning freedom of assembly and speech, as well as an increase in arbitrary arrest and torture.

Migrant workers are frequently subjected to stringent legal measures within the country and are often victims of arbitrary detention or torture. A notable case is that of Ryan Cornelius, a 71-year-old British citizen who has been unlawfully detained in the UAE since 2008. The Arab Organization for Human Rights has obtained testimonies from defendants alleging kidnapping, torture, and abuse in detention centers, reporting sixteen distinct methods of torture, including beatings, threats of electrocution, and denial of medical care. Repressive measures, including deportation, have been applied to foreigners based on accusations of attempting to destabilize the country. The issue of sexual abuse among female domestic workers is another area of concern, particularly given that domestic staff are not covered by the UAE labor law of 1980 or the draft labor law of 2007. Furthermore, the kafala system, or sponsorship for work, imposes significant costs on migrant workers and creates conditions akin to indentured servitude. Protests by foreign workers have been suppressed, and protesters have been imprisoned without due process, with incidents reported in 2008, 2012, and most recently in 2023.

The state security apparatus in the UAE has been implicated in human rights abuses, including forced disappearances, arbitrary arrests, and torture. In a mass trial in 2013, human rights activist and lawyer Salim al-Shehhi claimed he was held in solitary confinement and compelled to confess to fabricated charges. In 2023, the country conducted its largest mass trial, where defendants reportedly did not receive fair treatment. A trial involving 84 defendants, commencing in December 2023, resulted in 43 individuals receiving life sentences and ten receiving sentences of up to fifteen years for participating in peaceful protests against the government. The convicted individuals were Bangladeshi nationals protesting their home government, while the UAE alleged they were part of a terrorist organization. The trial was conducted in secrecy, with no documents or evidence presented in court. In January 2025, Human Rights Watch (HRW) released a report detailing human rights abuses allegedly committed by the UAE in 2024, primarily focusing on unfair mass trials and the government's utilization of the Federal Penal Code and the Cybercrime Law to silence critics, journalists, dissidents, and activists, thereby curtailing their freedom of expression.

A December 2024 report by the European Centre for Democracy and Human Rights (ECDHR) highlights the country's significant issues with unlawful political persecution and a lack of judicial independence. Trials are frequently held in secret, and defendants' lawyers are denied access to case files and court documents. The UAE's 2014 Counter-Terrorism Law is employed to impose travel bans, life imprisonment, and even the death penalty on peaceful critics of the regime and individuals managing organizations. The UAE's counterterrorism legislation suppresses freedom of expression. The nation's judicial system is criticized for its lack of transparency and independence, prompting international organizations to call for the United Nations to establish an independent committee to review all allegations of torture, incommunicado detention, and unfair trials.

Investigations have revealed that Qatari men have been abducted by the UAE government, with alleged withholding of information regarding their fate from their families. Over 4,000 Shia expatriates have been deported from the UAE, including Lebanese Shia families due to their perceived sympathies for Hezbollah. In 2013, 94 Emirati activists were held in secret detention centers and subsequently put on trial for allegedly attempting to overthrow the government; a relative of a defendant was arrested for tweeting about the trial and sentenced to ten months in jail. The most recent forced disappearance involves three sisters from Abu Dhabi. The UAE has extended its international influence, leading to alleged human rights abuses beyond its borders. The country has been a prominent supporter of Israel's actions in Gaza and has reportedly funded actions in Sudan through direct support and arms supply to a rebel group in the [Sudanese civil war](/Sudanese_civil_war_(2023%E2%80%93present).

On March 29, 2024, Sudan lodged a formal complaint with the United Nations Security Council (UNSC) concerning the UAE's alleged planning and backing of RSF militias against the Sudanese army. The ongoing conflict has escalated in violence, reportedly fueled by the UAE's continued provision of weapons and equipment to the RSF. Reports suggesting the Emirates' intention to provide humanitarian aid to the Sudanese population have been described as a cover for a covert operation to funnel funds and weapons, including drone technology, to opposition forces. Officials have stated that the UAE is playing a consequential role in exacerbating the crisis while simultaneously pledging to alleviate it. In October 2024, Sudan submitted a second official letter to the UNSC, calling for decisive action against the UAE's persistent aggression towards Sudan. The Sudanese Foreign Ministry asserted that the UAE is not merely an indirect supporter of the RSF but is actively engaged as a "vicious frontline player in the war of aggression" against Sudan.

In an effort to mitigate the negative impact of its human rights record on its international standing, the UAE government has actively sought to strengthen relationships with various Western private and public entities through whitewashing initiatives. The establishment of a Soft Power Council in 2017 was aimed at improving its global image. The UAE employs several such techniques, including gender-washing, green-washing, and sports-washing, as demonstrated by its hosting of major events like COP28, sporting events such as Formula One races, the Abu Dhabi Cup in 2026, and its promotion of tourism and business in Dubai. These efforts to engage with the international entertainment industry are perceived as attempts to obscure the country's ongoing human rights violations. Despite its participation in these global events, the UAE continues to face criticism regarding its contribution to climate change and its human rights record. In 2018, the country hosted the Second Annual World Tolerance Summit, which drew protests from several NGOs and scholars.

Migrant Workers

Migrant workers in the UAE are prohibited from joining trade unions or participating in strikes. Those who strike risk imprisonment and deportation, as evidenced by the deportation of dozens of workers in 2014 for engaging in strike action. The International Trade Union Confederation has urged the United Nations to investigate allegations that thousands of migrant workers in the UAE are subjected to conditions akin to slave labor. In 2019, an investigation by The Guardian revealed that numerous migrant construction workers employed on infrastructure and building projects for the UAE's Expo 2020 exhibition were laboring in unsafe environments, some facing potentially fatal heat stress due to long working hours in the sun.

A report in January 2020 highlighted the exploitation of Indian labor in the UAE, with employers hiring workers on tourist visas as a more accessible and cost-effective alternative to work permits. This practice leaves migrant workers vulnerable to labor abuse, as they fear reporting exploitation due to their precarious legal status. The issue is further obscured by the fact that visit visa data is not consistently maintained in the migration and employment records of both the UAE and India.

In a July 22, 2020, news report, Reuters cited human rights groups stating that conditions for migrant workers had deteriorated due to the COVID-19 pandemic. Many migrant workers accumulated debt and became reliant on charitable assistance. The report highlighted salary delays and layoffs as significant risks, alongside overcrowded living conditions, inadequate support, and challenges related to healthcare and sick pay. Reuters reported that at least 200,000 workers, predominantly from India but also from Pakistan, Bangladesh, the Philippines, and Nepal, had been repatriated, according to their respective diplomatic missions. On May 2, 2020, the Consul General of India in Dubai, Vipul, confirmed that over 150,000 Indians in the UAE had registered for repatriation through an e-registration system provided by Indian consulates. The figures indicated that 25% of applicants had lost their jobs, and nearly 15% were stranded in the country due to lockdown measures. Furthermore, 50% of the total applicants were from the Indian state of Kerala.

On October 9, 2020, The Telegraph reported that many migrant workers were left abandoned after losing their jobs amidst an economic downturn attributed to COVID-19. Various human rights organizations have expressed serious concerns regarding the alleged mistreatment of migrant workers by major contractors involved in Expo 2020. The German Pavilion, a business solution provider in the UAE, has also faced accusations of exploiting migrant workers.

Environmental Policy

Environmental challenges in the United Arab Emirates stem from the exploitation of natural resources, rapid population growth, and high energy demand. Climate change exacerbates issues such as water scarcity, drought, and rising sea level within the UAE. The country is a leading producer of oil and gas, with per capita energy consumption around 370 Gigajoule. The UAE's carbon dioxide emissions per capita are notably high, ranking sixth globally. In recent years, the UAE has undertaken efforts to enhance its sustainability profile. These initiatives include:

• Setting a target to reduce GHG emissions by 31% compared to a business-as-usual scenario by 2030 and achieving net zero by 2050.
• Launching a program to improve energy efficiency by 40% in the three most emissions-intensive sectors.
• Implementing programs focused on green building, with the retrofitting of 30,000 buildings alone projected to reduce emissions by 1 million tons.
• Promoting public transport and other sustainable mobility solutions.

According to official data, the share of public transport in people's daily mobility in Dubai increased from 6% in 2006 to 20.61% in 2022. In collaboration with the United States, the country has invested $17 billion in sustainable agriculture.

Economy

The United Arab Emirates has transformed from a collection of Bedouin tribes into one of the world's wealthiest nations in approximately 50 years, boasting one of the highest GDP (PPP) per capita figures globally. Economic growth has been consistently strong and steady throughout the history of this relatively young confederation of emirates, experiencing only brief periods of recession, such as during the global financial crisis of 2008–09, and more moderate periods starting in 2015 and continuing through 2019. Between 2000 and 2018, the average real gross domestic product (GDP) growth hovered around 4%. It ranks as the second-largest economy in the GCC (after Saudi Arabia), with a nominal GDP of US$414.2 billion and a real GDP of 392.8 billion in constant 2010 USD in 2018. Since gaining independence in 1971, the UAE's economy has expanded nearly 231 times, reaching 1.45 trillion AED in 2013. Non-oil trade has grown to 1.2 trillion AED, marking an increase of approximately 28 times between 1981 and 2012. Supported by the world's seventh-largest oil reserves and bolstered by prudent investments coupled with a firm commitment to economic liberalism and robust governmental oversight, the UAE has witnessed its real GDP more than triple over the past four decades. Currently, the UAE is positioned among the wealthiest countries globally, with a GDP per capita nearly 80% higher than the OECD average.

The impressive economic growth in the UAE has been accompanied by a substantial population increase, from around 550,000 in 1975 to nearly 10 million in 2018. This growth is primarily attributed to the significant influx of foreign workers, making the native Emirati population a minority. The UAE features a distinctive labor market system where residency is contingent upon strict visa regulations. This system provides considerable macroeconomic stability, as the labor supply readily adjusts to demand throughout economic cycles. This flexibility allows the government to maintain very low unemployment rates, typically below 3%, and provides greater latitude in macroeconomic policy decisions, circumventing the trade-offs between unemployment and inflation that often confront other governments.

Between 2014 and 2018, the accommodation and food services, education, information and communication, arts and recreation, and real estate sectors demonstrated strong growth. Conversely, the construction, logistics, professional services, public administration, and oil and gas sectors experienced underperformance. In terms of competitiveness, the UAE has advanced three places to secure 7th position among the top 10 countries in the IMD World Competitiveness Ranking, as reported in June 2024. This ranking is published by the World Competitiveness Centre of the Institute for Management Development (IMD) in Switzerland.

Business and Finance

The UAE is recognized as the 26th best country globally for conducting business, according to the Doing Business 2017 Report published by the World Bank Group. The UAE also ranks highly in several other global indices, including the World Happiness Report (WHR) and achieved 30th place in the Global Innovation Index in 2025. The Economist Intelligence Unit (EIU) ranks the UAE second regionally for its business environment and 22nd globally. The 2018 Arab Youth Survey indicates that the UAE leads other Arab nations in areas such as quality of life, safety and security, economic opportunities, and ease of starting a business, serving as a model for other countries.

Areas for improvement include the overall educational attainment levels across the UAE population, limitations within the financial and labor markets, trade barriers, and certain regulations that may hinder business dynamism. However, the primary challenge for the country remains effectively translating its investments and favorable operating conditions into innovation and creative output. UAE law prohibits the formation of trade unions. The rights to collective bargaining and to strike are not recognized, and the Ministry of Labour possesses the authority to compel workers to return to their jobs. Migrant workers who participate in strikes risk having their work permits revoked and facing deportation. Consequently, anti-discrimination laws pertaining to labor issues are scarce, with Emiratis and other GCC Arabs often receiving preferential treatment in public sector employment, despite possessing fewer qualifications and exhibiting lower motivation compared to other candidates. In fact, over eighty percent of Emirati workers hold government positions, with many of the remainder employed in state-owned enterprises such as Emirates airlines and Dubai Properties. Western nations, including the United Kingdom, were cautioned by the Emirati Trade Minister, Thani bin Ahmed Al Zeyoudi, to maintain a separation between political considerations and trade and economic relations, as such integration could dilute the primary objectives of trade agreements. In 2023, Al Zeyoudi suggested that these countries should "tone down" provisions related to human and workers' rights in trade deals to secure greater market access and business opportunities.

The UAE's monetary policy prioritizes stability and predictability. The Central Bank of the UAE (CBUAE) maintains a peg to the US Dollar (USD) and adjusts interest rates in close alignment with the Federal Funds Rate. According to Fitch Ratings, the decline in the property sector poses risks of progressively deteriorating asset quality for UAE banks, potentially leading the economy into more challenging times. Despite this, UAE banks have performed commendably compared to the retail and property sectors. The sustained higher U.S. interest rates since 2016, to which the UAE currency is pegged, have boosted profitability. However, the prospect of declining interest rates and increasing provisioning costs for non-performing loans suggests potential difficulties ahead for the economy.

Economic growth has been more varied since 2015 due to several factors affecting both demand and supply. In 2017 and 2018, growth remained positive but at a modest level of 0.8% and 1.4%, respectively. To stimulate the economy, the government is currently implementing an expansionary fiscal policy. However, the impact of this policy is partially counteracted by a contractionary monetary policy. Without the fiscal stimulus in 2018, the UAE economy would likely have contracted during that year. One contributing factor to the slower growth has been a credit crunch, partly attributable to higher interest rates. Government debt has remained at a low level, despite periods of significant deficits in recent years. Risks associated with government debt are considered low. Inflation has shown an upward trend in 2017 and 2018, influenced by the introduction of a 5% value added tax (VAT) in 2018 and higher commodity prices. Despite the government's expansionary fiscal policy and economic growth in 2018 and early 2019, prices experienced a decline in late 2018 and 2019 due to oversupply in certain sectors impacting consumer prices. The UAE offers an attractive tax system for corporations and high-net-worth individuals, making it a preferred destination for companies seeking to minimize tax liabilities. In 2021, the NGO Tax Justice Network classified the UAE among the top ten global tax havens. In 2023, the UAE's legal system came under international scrutiny when members of the British Parliament initiated an inquiry into the treatment of foreign business executives within the country in cases of alleged legal infractions. For the third consecutive year, the UAE is projected to be the world's leading wealth magnet in 2024, with an estimated 6,700 wealthy individuals expected to relocate to the country.

VAT

The UAE government implemented value-added tax (VAT) nationwide on January 1, 2018, at a standard rate of 5%. While the government may adjust the specific arrangements for VAT collection, the introduction of new taxes in the foreseeable future is considered unlikely. Additional taxes could undermine one of the UAE's primary attractions for businesses operating within the country and place a significant burden on the economy.

Energy

Oil and gas production constitutes a vital component of the UAE's economy. In 2018, the oil and gas sector contributed 26% to the overall GDP. The UAE leadership initiated economic diversification strategies even before the oil price downturn in the 1980s, resulting in the UAE currently possessing the most diversified economy in the Middle East and North Africa (MENA) region. Although the oil and gas sector remains significant, these diversification efforts have fostered considerable resilience during periods of fluctuating oil prices and economic instability. The introduction of VAT has provided the government with an additional revenue stream, accounting for approximately 6% of total revenue in 2018, or 27 billion United Arab Emirates dirham (AED). This revenue stream grants the fiscal policy greater independence from oil and gas revenues, which collectively represent about 36% of the total government revenue.

The Barakah nuclear power plant, the first on the Arabian Peninsula, is expected to contribute to reducing the country's carbon footprint. The UAE possesses considerable solar energy potential, and its energy policy has adapted to the declining costs of solar power. The Dubai Clean Energy Strategy aims to source 7% of Dubai's energy from clean sources by 2020, with targets increasing to 25% by 2030 and 75% by 2050. In 2023, ADNOC and its CEO Sultan Al Jaber finalized at least 20 business deals valued at nearly $100 billion. However, the state oil firm faced allegations of exploiting the UAE's presidency of COP28 to pursue oil and gas deals. Leaked documents suggested that Al Jaber's team targeted 16 nations for lobbying firms, delegates, or ministers regarding such deals, with ADNOC successfully securing deals with companies from 12 of the targeted countries. Al Jaber and senior ADNOC officials openly discussed these deals. COP28 organizing teams were reportedly excluded from meetings and replaced by ADNOC officials, creating a closed group that finalized these agreements.

Tourism

Tourism plays a crucial role in driving the economic growth of the entire UAE. Dubai stands as the premier tourism destination in the Middle East. According to the annual MasterCard Global Destination Cities Index, Dubai ranks as the fifth most popular tourism destination globally. Dubai accounts for approximately 66% of the UAE's tourism economy, with Abu Dhabi holding a 16% share and Sharjah accounting for 10%. Dubai welcomed 10 million tourists in 2013.

The UAE boasts the most advanced and developed infrastructure in the region. Since the 1980s, the UAE has invested billions of dollars in infrastructure development, particularly evident in the larger emirates of Abu Dhabi and Dubai. The northern emirates are rapidly following suit, offering substantial incentives to developers of residential and commercial properties. Inbound tourism expenditure in the UAE for 2019 represented 118.6% of outbound tourism expenditure. Since January 6, 2020, tourist visas for the United Arab Emirates have been extended to a validity of five years. Projections indicate that the travel and tourism industry will contribute approximately 280.6 billion United Arab Emirati dirhams to the UAE's GDP by 2028.

The country's major tourist attractions include the renowned Burj Khalifa in Dubai, the world's tallest tower; The World archipelago and Palm Jumeirah, also located in Dubai; the Sheikh Zayed Grand Mosque and Yas Marina Circuit in Abu Dhabi; and the Al Hajar Mountains in Fujairah. The unique natural desert environment, particularly its association with the Bedouins, also significantly contributes to the country's tourism industry. The UAE plans to further diversify its tourism offerings with the introduction of casino gambling. Wynn Al Marjan Island in Ras Al Khaimah will feature the nation's first casino and will also be the country's inaugural integrated resort upon its opening in March 2027. Abu Dhabi is set to host Disneyland Abu Dhabi, the first Disney theme park in the Middle East.

Transport

Dubai International Airport surpassed London Heathrow to become the busiest airport in the world by international passenger traffic in 2014. Abu Dhabi International Airport is the second-largest airport in the UAE. Following the announced expansion of Al Maktoum Airport on April 28, 2024, Dubai International Airport is scheduled to cease operations once the Al Maktoum Airport expansion is completed.

The E 311, a major roadway in the UAE, connects Abu Dhabi, Dubai, Sharjah, Ajman, Umm Al Quwain, and Ras Al Khaimah. In Dubai, in addition to the Dubai Metro, the Dubai Tram and the Palm Jumeirah Monorail provide connectivity to specific areas of the city. The city also offers a network of buses, taxis, abras (traditional boats), and water taxis operated by the RTA. The T1, a double-decker tram system in Downtown Dubai, operated from 2015 to 2019. Salik, meaning "open" or "clear," is Dubai's electronic toll collection system, launched in July 2007 as part of Dubai's traffic congestion management strategy. Each passage through a Salik tolling point deducts a toll from the driver's prepaid account using advanced Radio Frequency Identification (RFID) technology. Four Salik tolling points are strategically located in Dubai: at Al Maktoum Bridge, Al Garhoud Bridge, and along Sheikh Zayed Road at Al Safa and Al Barsha.

A 1,200 km (750 mi) country-wide railway is currently under construction, designed to link all major cities and ports. The Dubai Metro represents the first urban train network in the Arabian Peninsula. The primary ports of the United Arab Emirates include Khalifa Port, Zayed Port, Port Jebel Ali, Port Rashid, Port Khalid, Port Saeed, and Port Khor Fakkan. The Emirates are increasingly focusing on developing their logistics and port infrastructure to facilitate trade between Europe, China, and Africa. To achieve this, ports are undergoing rapid expansion, and significant investments are being made in their technological capabilities. The Emirates have historically been and continue to be a part of the Maritime Silk Road, a trade route that extends from the Chinese coast southward, through India's southern tip, to Mombasa. From there, it traverses the Red Sea via the Suez Canal to the Mediterranean, onward to the Upper Adriatic region and the northern Italian hub of Trieste, with its rail connections reaching Central Europe, Eastern Europe, and the North Sea.

Telecommunications

The United Arab Emirates is served by two principal telecommunications operators: Etisalat and the Emirates Integrated Telecommunications Company ("du"). Etisalat held a monopoly on the market until du launched its mobile services in February 2007. Internet subscribers were projected to increase from 0.904 million in 2007 to 2.66 million by 2012. The regulatory authority, the Telecommunications Regulatory Authority, mandates the filtering of websites deemed to contain religious, political, or sexual content. 5G wireless services were deployed nationwide in 2019 through a partnership with Huawei.

Demographics

According to estimates from the World Bank, the UAE's population in 2020 was 9,890,400. Immigrants constituted 88.52% of this total, while Emiratis accounted for the remaining 11.48%. This significant demographic imbalance is largely due to the country's exceptionally high net migration rate of 21.71, which is the world's highest. UAE citizenship is exceptionally difficult to obtain, primarily granted through filiation and only under highly specific circumstances.

The UAE exhibits considerable ethnic diversity. The five most populous nationalities residing in the emirates of Dubai, Sharjah, and Ajman are Indian (25%), Pakistani (12%), Emirati (9%), Bangladeshi (7%), and Filipino (5%). Immigrants from Europe, Australia, and North America comprise approximately 100,000 of the population. The remainder of the population consists of individuals from other Arab states. Approximately 88% of the United Arab Emirates' population resides in urban areas. The average life expectancy at birth was 76.7 years in 2012, a figure higher than that of any other Arab country. With a male-to-female sex ratio of 2.2 males for every female in the total population, and a ratio of 2.75 to 1 for the 15–65 age group, the UAE's gender imbalance is the second highest globally, following Qatar.

Largest Cities

Rank	Name	Emirate	Population (2023 Estimate)
1	Dubai	Dubai	3,564,931
2	Abu Dhabi	Abu Dhabi	1,807,000
3	Sharjah	Sharjah	1,405,000
4	Al Ain	Abu Dhabi	846,747
5	Ajman	Ajman	490,035
6	Ras Al Khaimah	Ras al Khaimah	191,753
7	Fujairah	Fujairah	118,933
8	Umm Al Quwain	Umm Al Quwain	59,098
9	Khor Fakkan	Sharjah	53,000
10	Kalba	Sharjah	51,000

Language

Modern Standard Arabic is the official national language of the United Arab Emirates. English is the most commonly spoken language, following British English conventions. Emirati Arabic, a dialect of Gulf Arabic, is spoken natively by the Emirati population.

Religion

Islam is the predominant and official state religion of the United Arab Emirates. The government actively promotes a policy of religious tolerance and generally refrains from interfering in the religious practices of non-Muslim communities. The UAE has a larger Sunni Muslim population than Shia Muslims. Approximately 85% of the Emirati population identifies as Sunni Muslim, with the majority adhering to the Maliki school of Islamic jurisprudence. The remaining 15% are predominantly Shia Muslims, concentrated in the Emirates of Dubai and Sharjah. While official statistics on the breakdown of Sunni and Shia Muslims among non-citizen residents are unavailable, media estimates suggest that less than 20% of the non-citizen Muslim population is Shia. The Sheikh Zayed Grand Mosque in Abu Dhabi is the largest mosque in the country and a significant tourist attraction. Ibadi Islam is common among Omani residents in the UAE, and Sufi influences are also present.

Christians constitute approximately 9% of the UAE's total population, according to the 2005 census, with estimates in 2010 suggesting a figure of 12.6%. Roman Catholics and Protestants represent substantial portions of this Christian minority. The country hosts over 52 churches as of 2023. Many Christians in the UAE originate from Asia, Africa, and Europe, as well as other Middle Eastern countries like Lebanon, Syria, and Egypt. The United Arab Emirates falls under the jurisdiction of the Apostolic Vicariate of Southern Arabia, with Vicar Apostolic Bishop Paul Hinder based in Abu Dhabi.

A small Jewish community resides in the United Arab Emirates. Prior to 2023, only one known synagogue existed in Dubai, which had been operational since 2008 and welcomed visitors. The Moses Ben Maimon Synagogue, completed in 2023, is part of the Abrahamic Family House complex in Abu Dhabi. As of 2019, Rabbi Marc Schneier of the Foundation for Ethnic Understanding estimates that approximately 150 families, totaling around 3,000 Jews, live and worship freely in the UAE.

South Asians form the largest ethnic group in the United Arab Emirates. Over 2 million Indian migrants, predominantly from the southern states of Kerala, Andhra Pradesh, Coastal Karnataka, and Tamil Nadu, are estimated to reside in the UAE. The country currently hosts three Hindu temples. Other religions observed in the United Arab Emirates include Jainism, Sikhism, Buddhism, Judaism, the Baháʼí Faith, and Druze.

The UAE Minister of Foreign Affairs and International Cooperation, Abdullah bin Zayed Al Nahyan, announced in 2019 the plans for the design and construction of the Abrahamic Family House. This interfaith complex, located on Saadiyat Island in Abu Dhabi, will house a synagogue, mosque, and a church.

Education

The education system up to the secondary level is managed by the Ministry of Education across all emirates, with the exception of Abu Dhabi, where the Department of Education and Knowledge holds authority. Public schools are structured into primary schools, middle schools, and high schools. Public schools are government-funded, and their curricula are designed to align with the UAE's developmental objectives. The primary language of instruction in public schools is Arabic, with a strong emphasis on English as a second language. Numerous private schools, accredited internationally, are also available. Public schools in the UAE are tuition-free for its citizens, while fees for private schools vary.

Higher education is overseen by the Ministry of Higher Education, which is also responsible for admitting students to undergraduate institutions. The adult literacy rate in 2015 was recorded at 93.8%. The UAE has demonstrated a significant commitment to advancing education and research through initiatives such as the establishment of the CERT Research Centers, the Masdar Institute of Science and Technology, and the Institute for Enterprise Development. According to QS Rankings, the leading universities in the country include the United Arab Emirates University (ranked 421–430th globally), Khalifa University (441–450th globally), the American University of Sharjah (431–440th), and the University of Sharjah (551–600th globally). The United Arab Emirates ranked 33rd in the Global Innovation Index in 2021, an improvement from its 36th position in 2019.

Health

The life expectancy at birth in the UAE stands at 76.96 years. Cardiovascular disease is the primary cause of mortality in the UAE, accounting for 28% of all deaths. Other significant causes include accidents and injuries, malignancies, and congenital anomalies. Data from the World Health Organization for 2016 indicates that 34.5% of adults in the UAE are clinically obese, with a body mass index (BMI) score of 30 or higher.

In February 2008, the Ministry of Health unveiled a five-year health strategy for the public health sector in the northern emirates, which operate under its purview and, unlike Abu Dhabi and Dubai, do not have separate healthcare authorities. The strategy focuses on unifying healthcare policies and enhancing access to healthcare services at affordable costs, while simultaneously reducing reliance on overseas treatment. The ministry plans to expand its facilities by adding three hospitals to the current 14 and 29 primary healthcare centers to the existing 86. Nine of these facilities were scheduled to open in 2008. The implementation of mandatory health insurance for expatriates and their dependents in Abu Dhabi served as a major catalyst for healthcare policy reform. Abu Dhabi nationals were integrated into the scheme from June 1, 2008, followed by Dubai for its government employees. Federal law mandates that all Emiratis and expatriates in the country will eventually be covered by compulsory health insurance under a unified national scheme. The country has attracted medical tourists from across the Cooperation Council for the Arab States of the Gulf. The UAE draws medical tourists seeking cosmetic surgery, advanced procedures, cardiac and spinal surgery, and dental treatments, as its healthcare services generally surpass those in other Persian Gulf Arab countries.

Culture

Emirati culture is rooted in Arabian culture and has been shaped by influences from Persia, India, and East Africa. Arabian and Arabian-inspired architecture are integral to the expression of local Emirati identity. The influence of Arabian culture is particularly evident in traditional Emirati architectural styles and folk arts. For instance, the distinctive wind tower, known as the barjeel, which crowns traditional Emirati buildings, has become a defining characteristic of Emirati architecture and is attributed to Arabian influence. This influence stems both from traders who sought refuge from taxation in Persia during the early 19th century and from the UAE's ownership of ports along the Arabian coast, such as the Al Qassimi port of Lingeh.

Major holidays observed in the United Arab Emirates include Eid al Fitr, which signifies the conclusion of Ramadan, and National Day on December 2, commemorating the formation of the United Arab Emirates. Literary works by contemporary Emiratis have not achieved widespread global recognition, largely due to the fact that the majority of writers in the country do not publish in English, women face restrictions in participating in traditional literary groups, and freedom of expression is suppressed. The earliest documented poet from the UAE is Ibn Majid, born between 1432 and 1437 in Ras Al-Khaimah. Notable Emirati writers include Mubarak Al Oqaili (1880–1954), Salem bin Ali al Owais (1887–1959), and Ahmed bin Sulayem (1905–1976). Three poets from Sharjah, associated with the Hirah group, are observed to have been significantly influenced by the works of the Apollo and Romantic poets. The Sharjah International Book Fair is the oldest and largest literary event in the country.

Traditional folk dances, such as Al-Ayyala, are performed by both men and women in the UAE during festivals, holidays, and weddings. Liwa is a form of music and dance practiced locally, particularly within communities comprising descendants of Bantu peoples from the African Great Lakes region. The list of museums in the United Arab Emirates includes several institutions of regional repute, most notably Sharjah, with its Heritage District housing 17 museums. In 1998, Sharjah was recognized as the Cultural Capital of the Arab World. In Dubai, the Al Quoz area has attracted numerous art galleries and museums, including the Salsali Private Museum. Abu Dhabi has established a cultural district on Saadiyat Island, featuring six major planned projects, including the Guggenheim Abu Dhabi and the Louvre Abu Dhabi. Dubai also intends to develop a Kunsthal museum and an artistic district dedicated to galleries and artists. Cinemas in the United Arab Emirates are few, and all published material is subject to stringent censorship guidelines, despite a relaxation of the harshest regulations in 2021. To view a film in the country, individuals must be at least 21 years old.

Media

The UAE's media landscape is annually classified as "not free" in the Freedom of the Press report by Freedom House. The UAE consistently ranks poorly in the annual Press Freedom Index compiled by Reporters without Borders. Dubai Media City serves as the UAE's primary media hub. The UAE is home to several pan-Arab broadcasters, including the Middle East Broadcasting Centre and Orbit Showtime Network. In 2007, Sheikh Mohammed bin Rashid Al Maktoum issued a decree stipulating that journalists could no longer be prosecuted or imprisoned for actions related to their work, marking a significant step towards the decriminalization of media offenses in the region. Concurrently, the UAE has enacted laws prohibiting the dissemination of online material that could threaten "public order," and imposes prison sentences on individuals who "deride or damage" the nation's reputation or "display contempt" for religion. Journalists arrested for violating these laws have reportedly been subjected to severe physical abuse by the police. According to the UAE Year Book 2013, the country publishes seven Arabic newspapers, eight English-language newspapers, and one Tagalog newspaper.

New media platforms, such as Facebook, Twitter, YouTube, and Instagram, are widely utilized in the UAE by both government entities and the public. The UAE government maintains official social media accounts to facilitate communication with the public and gather feedback on their needs. In recent years, there has been a notable increase in digital media consumption within the UAE, driven by the widespread use of platforms like Snapchat and TikTok among the younger demographic. Influencers on these platforms play a significant role in shaping trends and promoting various products and services. The government has also implemented digital initiatives to enhance e-Government services and promote smart city concepts, underscoring the UAE's dedication to technological advancement.

Cuisine

The traditional cuisine of the Emirates has historically centered on rice, fish, and meat. The people of the United Arab Emirates have adopted many of their culinary practices from other West and South Asian countries, including Iran, Saudi Arabia, Oman, Pakistan, and India. Seafood has been a dietary staple for centuries. Meat and rice are also fundamental components of the Emirati diet, with lamb and mutton being preferred over goat and beef. Popular beverages include coffee and tea, which can be flavored with cardamom or saffron for a distinctive taste. Popular traditional Emirati dishes include threed, machboos, khubisa, khameer, and chabab bread, with lugaimat being a particularly well-known Emirati dessert.

Due to the influence of Western culture, fast food has gained considerable popularity among young people, leading to public health campaigns highlighting the risks associated with excessive fast food consumption. Alcohol is permitted for service exclusively in hotel restaurants and bars. All nightclubs are authorized to sell alcohol. Certain supermarkets may offer alcohol, but these products are displayed in separate sections. Similarly, pork, which is considered haram (forbidden for Muslims), is sold in designated sections within all major supermarkets. While alcohol consumption is permitted, public intoxication and driving under the influence of alcohol are illegal.

Sports

Formula One enjoys considerable popularity in the United Arab Emirates, with an annual Grand Prix held at the Yas Marina Circuit on Yas Island in Abu Dhabi. This race is unique in that it commences during daylight and concludes at night. Other favored sports include camel racing, falconry, endurance riding, and tennis. The emirate of Dubai is also home to two prominent golf courses: the Dubai Golf Club and the Emirates Golf Club. Beyond recreation, sports play a significant role in shaping national identity. Falconry, for example, has served as a national symbol since its official recognition in 1971. In addition to its national significance, the UAE has played a pivotal international role in coordinating UNESCO's recognition of falconry as intangible heritage. Historically, child camel jockeys were utilized, drawing widespread criticism. Subsequently, the UAE enacted legislation prohibiting the use of children in this sport, leading to the prompt removal of almost all child jockeys. More recently, robot jockeys have been introduced to address the issue of child camel jockeys, which constituted a human rights violation. Ansar Burney is often recognized for his contributions in this area.

Football

Football is a highly popular sport in the UAE. Al Nasr, Al Ain, Al Wasl, Sharjah, Al Wahda, and Shabab Al Ahli are the most prominent teams, holding a reputation as long-standing regional champions. The United Arab Emirates Football Association was established in 1971 and has since been dedicated to promoting the sport, organizing youth programmes, and enhancing the skills of players, officials, and coaches involved with regional teams. The UAE qualified for the FIFA World Cup in 1990, alongside Egypt. This marked the third consecutive World Cup featuring two Arab nations, following Kuwait and Algeria in 1982, and Iraq and Algeria again in 1986. The UAE has won the Gulf Cup Championship twice: securing their first title in January 2007 held in Abu Dhabi, and their second in January 2013, hosted in Bahrain. The country hosted the 2019 AFC Asian Cup, where the UAE team reached the semi-finals, ultimately being defeated by the eventual champions, Qatar.

Cricket

Cricket is one of the most popular sports in the UAE, largely due to the significant expatriate population from SAARC countries, the United Kingdom, and Australia. The headquarters of the International Cricket Council (ICC) have been located within the Dubai Sports City complex since 2005, including the ICC Academy, established in 2009. The UAE hosts several international cricket venues that frequently serve as venues for international tournaments and "neutral" bilateral series, benefiting from the local climate and Dubai's status as a major transportation hub. Notable international tournaments hosted in the UAE include the 2014 Under-19 Cricket World Cup, the 2021 ICC Men's T20 World Cup, and three editions of the Asia Cup (1984, 1995, and 2018). Prominent cricket grounds include the Sharjah Cricket Association Stadium in Sharjah, the Sheikh Zayed Cricket Stadium in Abu Dhabi, and the Dubai International Cricket Stadium in Dubai.

The Emirates Cricket Board (ECB) became an ICC member in 1990. The UAE national cricket team has qualified for the Cricket World Cup on two occasions (1996 and 2015) and the ICC Men's T20 World Cup twice (2014 and 2022). The national women's team is similarly regarded as one of the strongest associate teams in Asia, notably participating in the 2018 ICC Women's World Twenty20 Qualifier. Following the 2009 attack on the Sri Lanka national cricket team, the UAE served as the de facto home for the Pakistan national cricket team for nearly a decade and also hosted the Pakistan Super League. Furthermore, the UAE has hosted one full edition of the Indian Premier League (IPL) in 2020 and two partial editions in 2014 and 2021.

See also

• United Arab Emirates portal
• Asia portal
• List of United Arab Emirates–related topics
• Outline of the United Arab Emirates

Notes

• English is the most commonly spoken language in the UAE.
• Arabic: الإمارات العربيّة المتّحدة, romanised: al-ʾImārāt al-ʿArabīyah l-Muttaḥida; ALA-LC: al-Imārāt al-ʻArabīyah al-Muttaḥidah
• Arabic: الإمارات, romanised: al-ʾImārāt
• Attributed to multiple sources: